从“基本均衡”到“优质均衡”:义务教育办学条件均衡发展水平测量——基于全国东中西部五省份的实证调查  

Transition from“Basic Equilibrium”to“High-Quality Equilibrium”:Measurement of the Balanced Development of Compulsory Education School Conditions-Based on an Empirical Survey of Five Provinces in Eastern,Central,and Western China

作　　者：李涛[1] 黄嘉欣 王娜[1] 陈泓宇 LI Tao;HUANG Jia-xin;WANG Na;CHEN Hong-yu(China Rural Education Development Institute,Northeast Normal University,Changchun 130024,China)

机构地区：[1]东北师范大学中国农村教育发展研究院,吉林长春130024

出　　处：《东北师大学报(哲学社会科学版)》2025年第2期19-36,共18页Journal of Northeast Normal University(Philosophy and Social Science Edition)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目(BFA210062)。

摘　　要：2021年底,我国已从义务教育基本均衡阶段正式迈入优质均衡发展阶段。在两个阶段的均衡评估中,办学条件指标改善历来都属重中之重,准确及时监测办学条件指标动态变化对于教育均衡发展具有重要意义。本研究发现:办学条件基本均衡在实现总体巩固的同时也需警惕差异系数小幅上涨态势;“乡弱于城”和“东强西弱”的基本特征及格局需要持续改善;“师生比”“生均高于规定学历教师数”“生均中级及以上专业技术职务教师数”三项指标差距最明显;办学条件优质均衡总体处于初级阶段,城乡、区域等指标呈现“弱均衡性”特征,“每百名学生拥有县级以上骨干教师数”“每百名学生拥有体育、艺术(美术、音乐)专任教师数”两项新指标均衡性最弱。应高度重视社会舆情关注的其他敏感办学指标,如住宿、卫生、安全和医疗、交通、心理健康、数字化建设、破解大班额等方面的改善,着力解决上述指标数量供给不足、配备质量不佳、更新维护不到位等问题。鉴于此,建议优化均衡指标评估与监管体系、优化“城—镇—乡”教育资源配置、开展义务教育强校提质增供优配行动、科学规划城镇乡学校布局、增加西部薄弱学校教育经费投入,持续推动义务教育办学条件均衡高水平发展。By the end of 2021,China had officially transitioned from the stage of basic equilibrium in compulsory education to the stage of high-quality equilibrium.Throughout both stages,the improvement of school conditions has been a primary focus in equilibrium assessments.Accurate and timely monitoring of the dynamic changes in school condition indicators is of great significance for the balanced development of education.This study reveals that while overall consolidation of basic equilibrium in school conditions has been achieved,a slight upward trend necessitates vigilance.The fundamental characteristics and patterns of“rural areas lagging behind urban areas”and“east being stronger than west”require continuous improvement.Notably,the three indicators of“student-teacher ratio”,“number of teachers with qualifications above the prescribed level per student”,and“number of teachers with intermediate and above professional titles per student”exhibit the most significant disparities.The overall level of high-quality equilibrium in school conditions is still in its initial stage,with indicators such as urban-rural and regional disparities showing“weak homogeneity”.The two new indicators,“number of county-level and above key teachers per 100 students”and“number of specialized teachers for physical education and arts(fine arts,music)per 100 students”,display the weakest equilibrium.Therefore,great importance should be attached to social sentiments and attention given to other sensitive school indicators,including accommodation,hygiene,safety,healthcare,transportation,mental health,digital construction,and reduction of large class sizes.Efforts should focus on addressing issues such as insufficient quantity,poor quality of provisioning,and inadequate updating and maintenance of these indicators.In light of this,it is recommended to optimize the evaluation and supervision system for equilibrium indicators,enhance the allocation of educational resources among cities,towns,and villages,initiate actio

关 键 词：办学条件均衡 优质均衡 基本均衡 县域义务教育均衡 

分 类 号：G521[文化科学—教育学]