民事判决既判力的理论探源与体系优化  

Theoretical Exploration and System Optimization of Res Judicata of Civil Judgments

作　　者：汪蓓 Wang Bei(Civil,Commercial and Economic Law School of China University of Political Science and Law,Beijing 100088)

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学民商经济法学院,北京100088

出　　处：《政法论丛》2025年第1期68-79,共12页Journal of Political Science and Law

基　　金：国家社科基金项目“禁令制度构建路径及多重功能实现研究”(23BFX135);司法部法治建设与法学理论研究部级科研项目“《仲裁法》修订视野下重复仲裁规制研究”(24SFB3026)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：有关民事判决既判力的讨论因对客观标准内涵的过度偏重而形成以客观标准、主观标准、时间标准概括全部内涵的疏识。在本源辨正上,为正本清源,考证古罗马法史源头及其近现代流变发现,诉讼标的等同于客观范围这一《德国民事诉讼法典》的观点并非亘古不变的真理,应消除对英美法系既判案件效力理论的误读,引入全景式的多维视角,博采众长而非单一偏重某一法系理论。在客观标准方面,应当在诉讼标的之外增加已决关键争点与特定形成权。在主观标准方面,应当改变现有理论仅聚焦于前后案当事人完全同一的偏狭思维,引入区分“由谁主张”和“谁受约束”的新观点。当前后案当事人部分不同一时,应允许前案案外人在后案中防御性主张已决关键争点的既判力。在例外情形方面,应当走出将“时间标准”作为第三大内涵之误区,引入一个上位的概念即“例外情形”,增加“欠缺主张上的客观可能性”“合理切分”“恶意诉讼”这三种例外情形,以便赋予既判力这一强制效力必要的适用弹性。The discussion on the res judicata of civil judgments has formed a sparse understanding that summarizes the entire connotation of objective standards,subjective standards,and time standards due to the excessive emphasis on objective standards.In terms of verifying the origin and clearing the source,by examining the historical origins of ancient Roman law and its modern evolution,it is found that the viewpoint of the German Civil Procedure Code that the subject matter of litigation is equivalent to the objective scope is not an eternal truth.Misunderstandings of res judicata in the commonlaw system should be eliminated,and a panoramic multidimensional perspective should be introduced to draw on the strengths of various legal systems rather than focusing solely on one theory.In terms of objective standards,key issues and specific formation rights should be added beyond the subject matter of the lawsuit.In terms of subjective standards,it is necessary to change the narrow thinking of existing theories that only focus on the identical parties perspective,and introduce a new perspective that distinguishes between"who proposes"and"who is bound".When the parties involved in the current case are partially different from those in the subsequent case,it should be allowed for outsiders from the previous case to make defensive use of issue preclusion.In terms of exceptional circumstances,it is appropriate to break away from the misconception that"time standard"is the third major connotation,introduce a superior concept of"exceptional circumstances",and add three exceptional circumstances:"lack of objective possibility in claiming","reasonable division",and""malicious litigation"',in order to give necessary flexibility to the compulsory effect of res judicata.

关 键 词：既判力 本源探析 客观标准 主观标准 例外情形 

分 类 号：DF728[政治法律—诉讼法学]