先秦儒道政治理论中的类比思维及说理方式  

The Analogical Thinking and Argumentation Methods in Pre-Qin Confucian and Daoist Political Theories

作　　者：李友广 李宗敏 Youguang Li;Zongmin Li

机构地区：[1]西北大学中国思想文化研究所

出　　处：《逻辑学研究》2025年第1期19-35,共17页Studies in Logic

摘　　要：周秦之变是东周时期政治社会发展的历史趋势,先秦诸子理论思考的方向与理路无不受此影响,这对于儒、道两家而言更是如此。由于周秦之变下的君臣矛盾日渐加剧,处于君臣夹缝中的儒、道两家在发表政论和政治游说的过程中,不得不在说话方式、修辞技巧和论辩艺术上加以注意。他们常常采用在两个具体对象之间根据已知属性进行比较与推理的类比思维与方法进行说理,并于修辞学上主要以政治隐喻的形式体现了出来。与老子以道创建世界秩序来隐喻人类建立社会秩序的过程相比,儒家中的孔孟则往往将政治隐喻的本体集中在了仁政及仁政的实施者圣人的身上,而荀子运用类比构建政治理论的时候,其关注的重心不再是圣人的德性意蕴,而是圣王的政治功能以及礼、法这类具有工具性价值的治理手段。儒、道两家的这种说理方式,对各自政治理论建构的思维理路产生了不容忽视的影响,也影响了汉儒在政治理论方面的建构努力与贡献。The transition between Zhou and Qin dynasties represents a historical trend in the political and social development of the Eastern Zhou period. The theoretical directions and reasoning paths of the various schools of thought in the Pre-Qin era were all influenced by this transition, and it was particularly true for both Confucianism and Daoism. As the contradictions between the ruler and the minister intensified under the transition between Zhou and Qin dynasties, both Confucianism and Daoism, situated in the interstice between ruler and minister, had to pay attention to their methods of discourse, rhetorical techniques, and dialectical skills in the process of political commentary and persuasion. They often employed analogical thinking and reasoning methods,making comparisons and inferences based on known attributes between two specific objects. These methods were primarily reflected in the form of political metaphors in their rhetoric. Compared to Laozi, who used the Dao to create the world order as a metaphor for the establishment of social order by humanity, Confucian thinkers such as Confucius and Mencius often centered the political metaphor on benevolent governance and the sage as the implementer of such governance. In contrast, Xunzi, in constructing political theory through analogy, shifted the focus from the sage's De(德)to the political functions of the sage-king and governance tools such as Li(礼)and Fa(法). The argumentative methods of Confucianism and Daoism had a significant impact on the thinking paths of their respective political theories, and also influenced the construction and contributions of Han Confucianism in the field of political theory.

关 键 词：周秦之变 类比思维 政治隐喻 

分 类 号：B81[哲学宗教—逻辑学]