无尽前沿的再迈进:美国科技战略变革与高等教育的转型  

Endless Frontier Advancing Again:The Change of US Science and Technolo⁃gy Strategy and the Transformation of Higher Education

作　　者：石耀月 鞠法胜 SHI Yaoyue;JU Fasheng

机构地区：[1]陕西师范大学教育学部,陕西西安710062 [2]南京大学教育研究院,江苏南京210023

出　　处：《高教发展与评估》2025年第2期47-57,I0004,共12页Higher Education Development and Evaluation

摘　　要：《科学:无尽的前沿》引领了美国20世纪科技的高速发展。21世纪以来,公共研发经费减少间接引发经济增长缓慢、私人研发为主的科研体制弊端日渐显露、全球科技领导地位遭受挑战等因素促使美国积极调整国家科技战略。《无尽的前沿:未来75年的科学》和《无尽前沿法案》均以“无尽的前沿”作为命名的一部分,表明其被赋予了特殊的政治意蕴与国家期望。以《科学:无尽的前沿》为参照基准,对比分析上述两项科技战略的核心内容发现,高等教育的理念与布局在助益美国成为科技强国的过程中发生了转型。主要体现为:在战略定位上,从联邦政府期望的维护传统安全到保障非传统安全;在研究模式上,从线性创新模型到有组织科研;在人才培养上,更重视科学、技术、工程和数学人力资本的培育;在区域布局上,兼顾地区创新能力与地理多样性;在技术转移上,加快推进大学科技成果转化;在资金援助上,构建多元化组合式的资金支持体系。Science:The Endless Frontier has led the rapid development of US science and technology in the 20th century.Since the 21st century,the reduction of public R&D funding has indirectly led to slow economic growth,the increasingly exposed shortcomings of the private R&D dominated research system,and the chal⁃lenge to the US global technological leadership,prompting the US to actively adjust its national science and technology strategy.The Endless Frontier:The Next 75 Years in Science and Endless Frontier Act are both named“Endless Frontier”as part of their title,indicating that they are given special political implications and national expectations.Taking Science:The Endless Frontier as a reference,a comparative analysis of the core contents of the two technology strategies mentioned above reveals that the concept and layout of higher education have un⁃dergone transformation in helping the US become a technological powerhouse.It is mainly reflected in the fol⁃lowing aspects:in terms of strategic positioning,from the federal government’s expectation of maintaining tradi⁃tional security to non-traditional security;in terms of research models,from linear innovation model to orga⁃nized scientific research;on the cultivation of talents,more attention is paid to the cultivation of STEM talents;in terms of regional layout,both regional innovation ability and geographical diversity are taken into account;in terms of technology transfer,the transformation of university scientific and technological achievements is accel⁃erated;in terms of financial assistance,a diversified combined financial support system should be built.

关 键 词：美国高校 科技强国 国家科技战略 高等教育转型 

分 类 号：G649[文化科学—高等教育学]