日本高校招生考试引导学生素质发展的历史、机制与经验  

Japanese University Entrance Examinations Guiding Student Educational Qualifications Development:History,Mechanisms,and Insights

作　　者：李木洲 曾思鑫 LI Muzhou;ZENG Sixin(Center for the Study of Imperial Examination and Examination Research,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou,Zhejiang 310058,China)

机构地区：[1]浙江大学科举学与考试研究中心,浙江杭州310058

出　　处：《河北师范大学学报(教育科学版)》2025年第2期73-83,共11页Journal of Hebei Normal University(Educational Science)

基　　金：2020年度教育部哲学社会科学研究重大课题攻关项目“高校考试招生改革引导学生德智体美劳全面发展研究”(20JZD050)。

摘　　要：自明治维新以来,日本高校招生考试引导学生素质发展的历史演变大致经历了四个主要阶段,即注重知识与道德导向的高校单独招考阶段、满足社会需求导向的统一招考探索阶段、兼顾知识与技能导向的两次考试招生阶段以及发展“生存能力”导向的两阶段考试招生阶段。日本高校招生考试改革导向的演变,既有经济、社会、文化等外部环境因素变化的影响,也有教育理念革新、教育质量提升等内部因素变化的驱动。从制度设计的视角来看,日本高校招生考试引导学生核心素养适应性发展,得益于两阶段考试满足学生分类发展需求、弹性科目设置引导学生多样化发展和高大接续政策重视学生阶段性成长等三大机制。从日本高校招生考试引导学生素质发展的经验来看,当前优化我国引导学生德智体美劳全面发展的高校招生考试制度,应注重高考统一性与自主性的平衡、重视高中教育与大学教育的衔接、推动高考内容与学生发展水平相适应、构建“生校”双向选择的综合素质评价机制等。Since the Meiji Restoration,Japanese university entrance examinations have evolved through four major stages,each reflecting shifts in societal,economic,and educational needs.These stages include:the era of independent university enrollment,which focused on knowledge and moral guidance;the unified admission stage,aimed at meeting societal demands;the dual-examination system,balancing both knowledge and skills;and the current two-stage examination model,emphasizing“survival skills”and practical abilities.The reform of these examinations has been shaped by both external influences,such as changes in economy,society,and culture,and internal factors,including innovations in educational philosophy and the drive for improved educational quality.In terms of system design,the adaptability of Japanese entrance exams in guiding the development of students’educational qualifications is supported by three key mechanisms:the two-stage exam structure that addresses the diverse developmental needs of students,flexible subject choices that encourage varied growth,and the staged progression model that aligns high school education with university requirements.Drawing on the experiences of Japan,this paper proposes recommendations for optimizing China’s university entrance examination system.These include balancing standardization and autonomy,strengthening the connection between high school and university curricula,adapting exam content to students’developmental stages,and creating a comprehensive quality evaluation system that supports mutual selection between students and universities,fostering well-rounded student development across multiple dimensions—morality,intellect,physical fitness,aesthetics,and labor.

关 键 词：日本高校招生考试 学生素质 全面发展 

分 类 号：G405[文化科学—教育学原理]