被监护人侵权责任主体和诉讼被告地位的反思——兼论未成年人侵权责任能力制度的构建  

Reflections on the Subject of the Ward′s Tort Liability and the Defendant′s Status in the Lawsuit——A Further Discussion on the System Construction of a Juvenile Capacity for Tort Liability

作　　者：刘文勇 蔡舒琳 Liu Wenyong;Cai Shulin(Faculty of Law,Civil Aviation University of China,Tianjin 300300,China)

机构地区：[1]中国民航大学法学院,天津300300

出　　处：《中国海洋大学学报(社会科学版)》2025年第2期124-136,共13页Journal of Ocean University of China(Social Sciences)

基　　金：中央高校基本科研业务费专项“夫妻债务诉讼与执行体系研究”(3122025001)。

摘　　要：当前,我国被监护人侵权责任领域的民事实体法规则规定,由监护人承担全部侵权责任,并以从被监护人的财产中优先支付赔偿费用作为补充。然而,这一规则既忽视了被监护人作为侵权行为直接实施者的核心地位,又错误地假设了被监护人缺乏承担侵权责任的能力。在此基础上构建的民事程序法规则存在矛盾:被监护人侵权诉讼中要求将监护人和被监护人作为共同被告以形成必要共同诉讼,但这种安排有违必要共同诉讼的成立条件。相应地,在司法实践中对被监护人侵权诉讼中侵权责任主体的认定及被告的确定也较为混乱。鉴于此,有必要重视民事实体法与程序法在司法审判中的协同作用,通过构建自然人侵权责任能力制度完善被监护人侵权的责任归属规则。同时,在程序法层面,应根据被监护人实施侵权行为时的侵权责任能力确定相应被告,以实现责任主体与诉讼被告在体系与逻辑层面的自洽。At present,the rule of civil substantive law in the field of tort liability of wards in China is that the guardian bears all the tort liability,supplemented by the priority payment of compensation fees for the ward′s personal property.However,this rule ignores the central position of the ward as the direct perpetrator of the tort,and erroneously presupposes that the ward lacks the capacity to bear tort liability.The rules of civil procedure law constructed on the above basis are contradictory:the guardian and the ward should be co-defendants in the ward′s tort liability lawsuit,so as to form a necessary joint action,but this does not meet the applicable conditions of the necessary joint action.Correspondingly,in judicial practice,the identification of the responsible subject and the determination of the defendant in the litigation of the ward′s tort liability are also quite confusing.In view of this,it is necessary to pay attention to the synergy between civil substantive law and civil procedure law in judicial adjudication,and improve the attribution rules of the ward′s tort liability by constructing a system of a natural person′s capacity for tort liability.At the same time,at the level of civil procedure law,the corresponding litigation defendant should be determined according to the differences in the ward′s capacity for tort liability when committing the tortious act,so as to achieve the self-consistency of the system and logic between the subject of the ward′s tort liability and the litigation defendant.

关 键 词：被监护人侵权 替代责任 共同被告 侵权责任能力 赔偿费用 

分 类 号：D925.1[政治法律—诉讼法学]