身不由己:明代的座主门生与党争再探  

Beyond One's Control:A Reexamination of Examination Master-Disciple Relationships and Factional Struggles in the Ming Dynasty

作　　者：李思成 Li Sicheng

机构地区：[1]四川省社会科学院历史研究所

出　　处：《山东社会科学》2025年第1期170-181,共12页Shandong Social Sciences

摘　　要：明代天顺以后,除乡试、会试主考官为座主外,同考官也被中式考生视为座主而称“房师”。与主考官相比,直接取士的同考官与门生的关系更紧密、对门生的政治影响更大,因此有必要区分座主的不同类型,并以此为基础还原当时的官场人际网络。万历后期为影响阁臣会推而出现的政治谚语“座主复推座主”中的座主即指房师,谚语造播者无需提供具体结党事实,仅提示官员的房师为何人便能影响入阁人选,表明房师已是晚明党争各方划分派系的重要依据。此时党争已无关素质才能、政治主张,官员们因受房师或门生牵连而被动卷入党争,并无选择的权利。从“座主门生”等细化后的科举纽带视角出发,可以为晚明党争提供新的理解。After the Tianshun period of the Ming Dynasty,in addition to the chief examiners of the provincial and metropolitan examinations,who were regarded as examination masters by the candidates they admitted,the co-examiners,who directly admitted candidates,were also considered examination masters and referred to as"Fang-shi"by them.Compared with the chief examiners,the co-examiners who directly selected candidates established closer ties with their disciples and exerted a greater political influence on them.This distinction among types of examination masters underscores the need to differentiate them in order to reconstruct the interpersonal net-works of the bureaucratic elite during that time.For instance,the political adage"examination masters recom-mend examination masters",which emerged in the late Wanli period to influence the selection of grand secre-taries,specifically referred to"Fangshi".The creators of this adage only needed to mention an official's"Fangshi"to significantly influence appointments to the Grand Secretariat,without needing to provide evi-dence of explicit factional activities.This demonstrates that by the late Ming Dynasty,"Fangshi"had emerged as a crucial criterion for defining factional alignments.At this stage,factional struggles were no longer tied to bureaucratic competence or political ideology;officials were passively drawn into factional conflicts due to their ties with their"Fangshi"or disciples,leaving them no room for personal choice.Examining refined ex-amination ties,such as the"Fangshi-disciple"relationship,provides a new perspective on understanding the factional struggles of the late Ming Dynasty.

关 键 词：明代 科举 座主 房师 门生 党争 

分 类 号：K248[历史地理—历史学]