同时履行抗辩权的程序法理--《合同编通则解释》第31条的诉讼评注  

On Procedural Jurisprudence of Defense Right for Simultaneous Performance--Procedural Commentary on Article 31 of Contracts Book General Rule Interpretation

作　　者：吴英姿 WU Ying-zi(School of Law,Nanjing Normal University,Nanjing 210023,China)

机构地区：[1]南京师范大学法学院,江苏南京210023

出　　处：《河北法学》2025年第1期62-79,共18页Hebei Law Science

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“民法典与民事诉讼法的协同实施研究”(22&ZD206)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：同时履行抗辩权的法律属性与法律效果,决定了被告在诉讼中提出同时履行抗辩权时的诉讼构造。同时履行抗辩是实体法上的抗辩权,是诉讼上的攻击防御方法,不影响本诉的诉讼标的识别,也不能随诉讼标的转让而让渡给受让人。被告应当对同时履行抗辩权成立的法律要件事实承担证明责任。“对方当事人未履行”要件属于消极事实,原告否认的,应当就其已经履行的事实承担证明责任。对待给付判决的既判力客观范围仅覆盖原告主张的给付请求权。但在判决生效后,双方对待给付义务纠纷已经解决,被告基于相同事实和法律理由对相同原告提起给付请求之诉,不具有诉的利益。根据遮断效原理,当事人在前诉中有机会提出同时履行抗辩,非因客观原因没有提出的,事后都不可以再提出。遵循释明的程序法理,只在被告的答辩中包含了同时履行抗辩的意思的前提下,法官才可以进行晓谕,引导当事人围绕同时履行抗辩权的成立条件进行辩论,尽可能一次性解决纠纷。The legal attribute and legal effect of the defense right for simultaneous performance determine the litigation structure when the defendant performing the right of defense in the action.The the defense right for simultaneous performance is the defense right of substantive law,is the attack defense method in litigation,does not affect the identification of the subject-matter of the litigation,and can not be transferred to the assignee with the transfer of the subject-matter of the litigation.The defendant shall prove the facts of the legal requiremnt condition of the defense right."The other party fails to perform"requirement is a negative fact,if the plaintiff denies it,he shall prove the facts that he has performed.The objective scope of res judicata to treat the payment judgment only covers the payment claim claimed by the plaintiff.However,after the judgment comes into effect,the dispute between the two parties over the payment obligation has been settled,and the defendant brings the payment claim against the same plaintiff based on the same facts and legal reasons,which does not have the interest of litigation.According to the principle of blackout effect,the parties have the opportunity to argue simultaneously perform defense in the previous lawsuit,and if they do not put it forward for objective reasons,they can not put it forward afterwards.Follow the procedural legal principles of the judge's elucidatory,only on the premise that the defendant's defense contains the meaning of defense right of simultaneous performing,the judge can guide the parties to debate around the defense right of simultaneous performance,and resolve the dispute as once as possible.

关 键 词：同时履行抗辩权 对待给付判决 证明责任 遮断效 法官释明 

分 类 号：DF72[政治法律—诉讼法学]