论劳动合同解除制度中的“不能胜任工作”  

Research on Causes of‘Incompetence at Work’in the Labor Contract Termination System

作　　者：蔡予杭 CAI Yu-hang(China University of Political Science and Law,Beijing,100080)

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学民商经济法学院,北京100080

出　　处：《中国劳动》2025年第1期52-70,共19页China Labor

摘　　要：既有法律和指导案例未对“不能胜任工作”作出明确的定义,缺乏认定标准和司法审查程序的规定,致使司法适用混乱。以法学基本解释方法对“不能胜任工作”的意涵进行界定。构建以状态阶段为“不能胜任工作”认定核心的原因、状态和结果三阶段理论,其中原因阶段“客观兼主观不能说”学说更符合体系与实践逻辑。通过实证研究提炼出司法实务中常见四类问题:既有规定抽象,指导案例作用有限,相近事由间易生混淆,培训和调岗性质争议。针对上述问题,通过以下研究予以回应:明确“不能胜任工作”的定义和认定标准;延伸指导案例指导意涵,辨析“末位制”与“不能胜任工作”;区分“不能胜任工作”与相近概念;细化司法认定为一个前提与五个环节;阐释认定培训和调岗的因果性、合理性和程序性,明晰培训和调岗权义的分配。以期于“不能胜任工作”制度的运行有所裨益。The lack of clear current statutory definitions and guiding cases regarding‘incompetence at work’has resulted in inconsistent judicial rulings due to undefined assessment criteria and judicial review procedures.Through doctrinal interpretation methods,this paper proposes a preliminary framework for defining the scope of‘incompetence at work’.Establishing a three-stage coherent theory encompassing cause,status,and consequence.The status stage is identified as central to determining incompetence,while the causal stage adopts‘both objective and subjective inability tests’to align with systematic and practical logic.Empirical research reveals four common issues in judicial practice:abstract existing provisions,limited guidance from guiding case,confusion between similar grounds for termination,and disputes regarding training and job transfer requirements.To enhance the judicial system regarding work incompetence and response to the above issues,this paper addresses these issues by:clarifying the definition and assessment criteria for‘incompetence at work’;expanding upon guiding case and distinguishing between‘bottom-ranking systems’and genuine incompetence;differentiating‘incompetence at work’from related concepts;refining judicial assessment into six distinct steps;establishing causality,reasonability,and procedural requirements for training and job transfers;clarifying the bilateral nature of rights and obligations in training and job transfers.

关 键 词：不胜任工作 末位制 司法认定 劳动合同纠纷 

分 类 号：F272.92[经济管理—企业管理]