劳动法典编纂视域下劳动关系概念的厘定  

On the Conceptual Clarification of Employment Relationship fr om the Perspective of Codification of Employment Laws

作　　者：朱军[1] ZHU Jun

机构地区：[1]上海交通大学凯原法学院,上海200031

出　　处：《政治与法律》2025年第3期64-78,共15页Political Science and Law

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目“离职竞业禁止制度的系统性矫正研究”(项目编号:20BFX188)的研究成果。

摘　　要：劳动关系概念是编撰我国劳动法典无法回避的基础问题。在理论层面,劳动关系认定宜采用类型思维的法学方法。劳资双方通过“合意”建立劳动关系,但为避免资方通过滥用强势地位单方决定合同类型,应最终以合同的实际履行为准。劳动关系的人格、经济和组织三大从属性统合于“劳动”从属性。劳动从属性的实质是资方仅有权针对工作履行进行指令管理,而无权侵犯劳动者人格。经济从属性有两种基本内涵,前者侧重“生存依赖”之意,指收入主要或全部源于接受劳务方,后者则突出提供劳务方“为资方劳动”,而非自主经营。两者皆为劳动从属性必然引发的结果,故无必要作为劳动关系的认定标准。组织从属性亦无独立必要,归入前两大属性即可。以此为指导,认定劳动关系宜采用“综合衡量个案因素”的类型思维方法,基于“事实优先原则”,以“劳动”从属性为唯一核心标准,通过审查“劳动管理”判定。The concept of employment relationship is an fundamental issue unavoidable for the compilation of the Employment Code.Theoretically,the legal method of typological thinking is adopted for the determination of employment relationship.Employees and employers establish the employment relationship through"consensus",but in order to prevent employers from abusing their dominant position to unilaterally determine the type of contract,the actual performance of the contract should be the final standard.Three kinds of subordination,i.e.personal,economic,organizational subordination,of employment relationship,are integrated into the subordination of"employment".The essence of employment-based subordination is that employers only have the right to give instruction and management concerning work performance,but without the right to infringe on the personality of workers.Economic subordination has two basic connotations,the former of which emphasizes the meaning of"subsistence-related dependence",indicating that the income mainly or entirely comes from the recipient of labor service,while the latter of which highlights that the provider of labor service"works for the employer"rather than being self-employed.Both are results inevitably caused by the subordination of employment,so there is no need to use them as the standard for determining employment relationship.Organizational subordination does not need to exist independently and can be subsumed under the previous two.With this as a guidance,the employment relationship should be determined by adopting the method of typological thinking of"comprehensive consideration of casespecific factors",on basis of the"fact-first principle",with the subordination of"employment"as the solely core standard to examine the"labor management".

关 键 词：劳动法典 劳动关系认定 类型概念 劳动从属性 劳动管理 

分 类 号：DF472[政治法律—民商法学]