假想防卫成立要件的事实认定:规范视角与判断标准  

The Fact Finding of the Elements for Establishing Putative Self-defense:Normative Perspective and Determination Standard

作　　者：黄忠军 HUANG Zhongjun

机构地区：[1]深圳大学法学院,广东深圳518060

出　　处：《政治与法律》2025年第3期79-94,共16页Political Science and Law

摘　　要：体系性地建构假想防卫要件事实的判断标准,是刑法理论及时回应实践诉求的应有之义。假想防卫事实认定的实践逻辑,以及我国刑法的相关规定和刑事指导案例的相关阐述,分别从位阶顺序和规范依据两个视角为标准的确立提供了框架性指引。首先,关于假想防卫的前提要件即不法侵害存在与否的事实认定,采用事后标准说作为视角标准,具有形式与实质的双重合理性;其次,以刑事指导案例的相关阐述为“规范”依据,通过归纳实践规律提炼的“异常性”要素标准说,也能为假想防卫主观要件即不法侵害误认是否真实存在的事实推定提供客观依据;最后,基于情景式的“相当性”甄别,假想防卫客观事实的限度判断即“防卫”行为是否过当的认定,不能适用正当防卫的限度标准,而应类比适用防御性紧急避险“未超过必要限度”的规范标准。Systematical establishment of standards for determining facts related to elements of putative self-defense is a necessary response of criminal law theory to practical demands in a timely manner.The practical logic of fact finding in the putative self-defense,and the relevant provisions of the current criminal law and the explanation in criminal guiding cases in China,provide framework guidance for the establishment of the standard theory from the perspectives of hierarchical order and normative foundation.Firstly,regarding the fact finding of the existence of illegal attack as the prerequisite elements of putative self-defense,it is of dual rationality in form and substance to adopt the doctrine of ex post facto standard,as the perspective standard;Secondly,the doctrine of"abnormality"elements standard,as extracted by summarizing practical laws and taking relevant exposition in criminal guiding cases as the"normative"foundation,can also provide objective basis for the factual presumption of subjective element of putative self-defense,i.e.the actual existence of the mistaken belief of illegal attack;Finally,based on the recognition of contextual"equivalence",for the determination of the limit as the objective fact of putative self-defense,that is,whether the act of"defense"is excessive,the standard of limits applicable to the self-defense shall not be applied,and the normative standard of"not exceeding the necessary limit"for the defense-style necessity shall be applied analogically.

关 键 词：假想防卫 要件事实 实践逻辑 规范依据 判断标准 

分 类 号：DF611[政治法律—刑法学]