四书皆治欲:中国古典儒学的理学诠释  

The Four Books and the Governance of Human Desires:A Neo-Confucian Interpretation of Chinese Traditional Confucianism

作　　者：张昭炜 ZHANG Zhao-wei

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院世界宗教研究所,北京100732

出　　处：《湖北大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2025年第2期1-14,198,共15页Journal of Hubei University(Philosophy and Social Science)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金后期资助项目“中国哲学的欲望认知研究”(24FZXB010)。

摘　　要：理学以存理遏欲为主题,以四书为依据,并以存理遏欲的主题赋予四书新的诠释,由此导致四书皆治欲。中国古典儒学时期的四书经典以孔颜克己复礼为治欲总纲,通过礼反向定义欲望,理学则以理释礼,在理欲二元对立关系中以理反向定义欲望,展开约束欲望与调动道德主体能动性两种互补的治欲方向。为应对佛教心性论冲击,理学将理内化为心性,依据道德心和性反向定义欲望,治欲方案有培养四端、正心、求放心以及复性、率性等。理学还以意之所发正向定义欲望,治欲方案有欲不行等;也以意之所存反向定义欲望,治欲方案有毋意等,从根本处治疗深隐的欲望。四书皆治欲成为理学定义欲望及对治欲望的主要特征,展现出欲望的多层次及复杂性,以及由此带来的治欲实践的丰富性。当然,在理欲二元对立模式下,四书治欲亦有其限制性,如外王较弱、规范性不足、缺乏欲望的释放等。作为人类文明的重要组成部分、中国儒学发展的重要阶段,理学借助对四书的重新诠释,集中展现出世界哲学治欲的中国古典学经典诠释方案。The theme of Neo-Confucianism is governing the moral principle and restraining desire,which is based on Four Books,while endowing Four Books with the theme,thereby all Four Books are related to the therapy of desire.The general principle of Four Books in the Chinese classics period is Confucius and Yanhui s restraining oneself and restoring ritual,which defines desire through the reverse of reason in the dualistic relationship between reason and desire,and carried out two complementary directions of governing desire,restraining desire and mobilizing the initiative of moral subjects.In order to cope with the impact of Buddhist theory of mind,Neo-Confucianism internalizes reason into mind and human nature,and defines desire according to the reverse of moral mind and human nature,then the schemes of the therapy of desire include cultivating four sprouts,rectifying the mind,seeking the lost lmind,as well as restoringhuman nature and following humannature,etc.Neo-confucianism also defines desire in terms of the positive expression of intention,and the therapy of treating desire has desire and cannot do so.It also defines the desire by the reverse of the intention,and the treatment therapy has no intention,etc.,to treat the deep hidden desire from the root.The desire to govern in Four Books became the main characteristic of Neo-Confucianism in defining desire and desire to govern,showing the multilevel and complexity of desire and the richness of the practice of desire to govern.Of course,under the dualistic opposition mode of reason and desire,Four Books also have their limitations,such as insufficient moral orientation,lack of desire release.Neo-Confucianism,through the reinterpretation of Four Books,focused on the interpretation of the Chinese traditional classics of the world's philosophical governance.

关 键 词：四书 理学 心性 以礼治欲 以理治欲 克己复礼 

分 类 号：B82[哲学宗教—伦理学] B21