论孔学中“道”与“仁”核心概念之转移  

On the Transfer of the Core Concepts from“Dao”to“Ren”in Confucianism

作　　者：刘鹿鸣 LIU Luming(Institute of Chinese Culture,Nanjing University,Nanjing 210023,Jiangsu,China)

机构地区：[1]南京大学中华文化研究院,江苏南京210023

出　　处：《扬州大学学报(人文社会科学版)》2025年第1期116-128,共13页Journal of Yangzhou University(Humanities and Social Sciences Edition)

基　　金：江苏省社科基金文脉专项“江苏书院史”(17WMB027)。

摘　　要：儒学的核心概念是仁,还是道?在儒学理论创立过程中,曾有由“道”到“仁”核心概念之转移,集中体现在《论语》文本中。《论语》中“仁”概念的复杂内涵是当时通行的“道”字所不能完全涵盖的,尤其是在表达践行此道的实践义上,“仁”概念所蕴含的人性、至善、爱人、恻隐之心、孝悌等凸显了其含义的复杂性,非通行的“道”字能涵摄,因此,“仁”概念的引入在儒学理论上有其必要性和必然性。从儒学义理架构来看,“仁”概念的核心内涵指向“天命之性(天道)”与“率性之道(人道)”的“性”概念,包括人性、性德,正是《论语》所言“性与天道”、《中庸》所言“未发已发”、《孟子》所言“恻隐之心”等。如果从“道”与“仁”的终极义理而论,可以说二者是基本等价的,但由“道”概念转为“仁”概念依然有其独特内涵。用“道”概念,还是“仁”概念,代表了某种意义的偏向性。用“道”概念更有利于形上学的解释以及悟道的为学方法,而“仁”概念则更有利于道德、伦理一体义的解释以及渐次修学的为学方法。孔子仁道即是德性生命发展次第的道路,是生命意义开显和实现的过程,在这个过程中,自我德性生命的发现和安顿、个体与社会的道德伦理关系、社会自然的整体秩序以及个体与天道的终极意义等问题逐次显现,由此彰显孔子仁学的博大内涵。In the development of Confucianism,there emerged a shift of the core concept from"Dao"to"Ren",which is mainly reflected in the text of The Analects.The complex connotations of the concept of"Ren"in The Analects could not be fully encompassed by the commonly used term"Dao"at that time,especially in terms of the practical significance of practicing this"Dao".The concept of"Ren"highlights its complexity through its connotations of humanity,ultimate goodness,love for others,compassion and filial piety,which cannot be fully captured by the term"Dao".Therefore,the introduction of the concept of"Ren"in Confucian theory is both necessary and inevitable.From the perspective of the Confucian theoretical framework,the core connota-tion of the concept of"Ren"points to the"nature"concept of"the nature of Heaven(Tian Dao)"and"the way of following one's nature(Ren Dao)",which includes human nature and moral na-ture.This is precisely what The Analects refers to as""nature and the way of Heaven",The Doc-trine of the Mean refers to as"the undisturbed and the stirred",The Mencius refers to as"the heart of compassion"and so on.If we consider the ultimate meanings of"Dao"and"Ren",it can be said that they are essentially equivalent.However,the shift from the concept of"Dao"and"Ren"still has its unique connotations.Which core concept to use represents a biased preference of meaning.The use of"Dao"is more conducive to metaphysical explanation and the learning method of realizing the truth,while the use of"Ren"is more conducive to the integrated explana-tion of moral and ethical unity as well as the learning method of gradual cultivation.Confucian benevolence is the path of the sequential development of moral life,a process of revealing and realizing the meaning of life.In this process,issues such as the discovery and settlement of one's own moral life,the moral and ethical relationship between individuals and society,the overall or-der of society and nature,and the ultimate meaning of individuals and the Way of Heaven gradually emerge,t

关 键 词：道 仁 儒学 孔子 

分 类 号：B222[哲学宗教—中国哲学]