回归裁判理性:明辨“生态环境服务功能的损失”  

Returning to judgment rationality:Discriminating loss of ecological environment service function

作　　者：李树训 LI Shuxun(School of Law and Business,Wuhan Institute of Technology,Wuhan 430205,P.R.China)

机构地区：[1]武汉工程大学法商学院,湖北武汉430205

出　　处：《重庆大学学报(社会科学版)》2025年第1期233-246,共14页Journal of Chongqing University(Social Science Edition)

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目“集体行动语境下气候责任互益性分配研究”(24YJC820025)。

摘　　要：伴随生态文明建设持续推进,相关案件的数量和类型愈发增多,与此相应,关于生态环境服务功能损失认定与应用的场景也日益呈现多元化趋势,从传统的环境污染、生态破坏领域扩展至野生动物资源及其生态服务功能损失的鉴别,森林生态系统各类功能的标价,律师风险代理费的计算,生态环境损害惩罚性赔偿额度的确认,生态环境损害修复执行的监管等其他情境。这使如何正确识别与确认生态环境服务功能的损失这一技术性问题在规范体系中取得了极为重要的前置性地位。经比较分析审判实践发现,不同法院在判断方法的采用和选择上往往各行其是:或者一律运用虚拟治理成本法进行评估,或者直接视其为生态环境修复费用,或者另行独立评估生态环境服务功能的损失,裁定双重赔偿;在判决方式上既有判决金钱赔偿,也有判决赔礼道歉,更有以认购碳汇的方式予以替代;在适用对象上既适用于环境污染行为,也用于生态破坏行为。因暂无明确的法律规定导致各界对其缺乏统一的认识,法官大多依据生态环境损害鉴定评估报告径行裁判,令司法裁量权流于形式。为解决因概念混淆引起的认定混乱及机械裁判问题,通过比较验证,引入生态学领域中已有的知识、方法和体系,澄清生态环境服务功能的概念并确认其内涵是“为人类提供的支持、调节、供应和文化服务”;修正《环境损害鉴定评估推荐方法(第Ⅱ版)》中以适用方法先后顺序进行排列的体例,采用分章分类形式分别列明与生态环境服务功能的损失和环境修复费用相对应的估算办法;统一生态环境修复费用的计算标准——以环境要素与污染物质间的可分程度进行类型化估算;区分损害类型与对象的差异,并兼顾主体性因素,明示虚拟治理成本法应是有条件地用以评估生态环境修复费用。时值《生态环境法典�Along with the continuous advancement of ecological civilization construction,the number and type of related cases are increasing,and accordingly,the scenarios on the identification and application of ecological environment service function loss are also increasingly showing a diversified trend,expanding from the traditional field of environmental pollution and ecological damage to the identification of wildlife resources and their ecological service function loss,the price of various functions of forest ecosystems,the calculation of attorney’s risk agency fees,the confirmation of the amount of punitive damages for ecological damage,regulation of the implementation of ecological damage restoration and other contexts.This has led to the technical issue of how to correctly identify and recognize the loss of ecological environment service functions.Comparative analysis of the trial practice reveals that different courts often act in their own ways in the adoption and selection of judgmental methods:either applying the virtual cost of governance method for assessment,or treating it as ecological environment restoration costs directly,or separately and independently assessing the loss of ecological environment service function for double compensation;both pecuniary compensation and apologizing for damages,and even subscription to carbon sinks;applying both to environmental pollution and ecological damage.Due to the lack of clear legal provisions,there is a lack of unified understanding,and judges mostly make decisions based on ecological damage appraisal reports,which makes judicial discretion a mere formality.In order to solve the problem of confusing identification and mechanical adjudication caused by the confusion of concepts,through comparative verification and introduction of existing knowledge,methods and systems in the field of ecology,the concept of ecological environment service function is clarified and its connotation is confirmed to be supportive,regulating,supplying and cultural services for human bein

关 键 词：生态环境服务功能的损失 生态环境修复费用 认定混乱 机械裁判 有效衔接 

分 类 号：X197[环境科学与工程—环境科学]