欧盟人权外交的历史脉络、现有机制与实施路径  

EU Human Rights Diplomacy:Historical Overview,Existing Mechanisms and Realization Paths

作　　者：解楠楠 喻扬[4] Xie Nannan;Yu Yang

机构地区：[1]郑州大学政治与公共管理学院 [2]郑州大学当代资本主义研究中心 [3]武汉大学经济外交研究中心 [4]同济大学政治与国际关系学院

出　　处：《人权研究》2025年第1期120-140,共21页Chinese Journal of Human Rights

基　　金：2022年中国博士后科学基金项目“欧盟‘反经济强制工具’及其对中国的影响”(项目号:2022M712915)。

摘　　要：巩固人权是欧盟对外战略的一个目标,也是其实现战略目标的工具。近年来,人权在欧盟对外战略中的地位越来越突出,并逐渐成为政治博弈的权力工具,特别是在对华人权问题上的措辞由婉转走向强硬,对外行动由指责走向制裁。通过追溯欧盟人权外交的历史脉络,其现有机制、实施路径以及发展得以展现。随着国际环境和欧盟自身战略定位的变化,欧盟人权外交机制历经了由在《里斯本条约》框架下追求人权外交的现实利益到全球人权制裁机制下灵活针对性制裁及大国协调的转变。其具体实施主要有与以联合国为核心的国际人权组织合作、强化与盟友和民间社会伙伴的双边人权对话、在贸易协定和对外援助政策中纳入“人权条款”三大路径。而近年来,实施路径中也呈现出新变化,包括欧盟以人权为由制定对外经济法令,单方面进行长臂管辖等。目前,对于欧盟人权话语及其延伸的人权外交政策仍需持续深入观察,面对欧盟不同性质的人权制裁,可以通过“讲道理”“打官司”“斗到底”等模式开展针对性的斗争反制。The consolidation of human rights is an objective of the EU’s external strategy and a tool for realizing the strategic goals.In recent years,human rights have become increasingly prominent in the EU’s foreign policy and have gradually become a power tool for political games.In particular,the wording on human rights issues with China has moved from euphemism to assertiveness,and the external action has moved from accusation to sanctions.By tracing the historical lineage of the EU’s human rights diplomacy,its existing mechanisms,implementation paths and development are revealed.With the changes in the international environment and EU’s own strategic positioning,EU’s human rights diplomacy mechanisms have gone through the process from pursuing the realistic interest-oriented human rights diplomacy under the framework of the Lisbon Treaty,and then to theflexible targeted sanctions and the coordination among major powers under the global human rights sanctions mechanisms.In terms of implementation paths,EU conducts human rights cooperation with international organizations with the United Nations as the core,strengthening bilateral human rights dialogue with allies and civil society partners,and incorporating“human rights clauses”into EU’s trade agreements and foreign aid policies.The changes of the implementation methods in recent years include to adopt foreign economic acts under the pretext of human rights and to unilaterally exercise long-arm jurisdiction by the EU.At present,EU’s human rights discourses and its extended human rights foreign policy still need to be continuously and deeply observed.In response to EU’s human rights sanctions with different natures,it is necessary to carry out targeted actions through the modes of“reasoning”,“litigating”and“fighting”.

关 键 词：人权外交 权力与利益 里斯本条约 全球人权制裁机制 人权条款 

分 类 号：D92[政治法律—法学]