现代汉语“非X不成”构式研究——兼论准句末语气词“不成”的语法意义  

A Study on the Modern Chinese Construction“Fei(非)X Bucheng(不成)”--Also on the Grammatical Meaning of the Quasi-Sentence-Final Particle“Bucheng(不成)”

作　　者：王烨[1] Wang Ye(College of Literature,Tianjin Normal University,Tianjin 300387,China)

机构地区：[1]天津师范大学文学院,天津300387

出　　处：《现代语文》2024年第12期57-65,共9页Modern Chinese

基　　金：天津市哲学社会科学基金项目“面向国际中文教育的现代汉语句末语气词语气系统的构建与应用”(TJYY22-006);江苏高校哲学社会科学研究一般项目“汉语情态跨范畴衍生的动因与机制研究”(2023SJYB1706)。

摘　　要：在现代汉语中,“不成”可以固定出现在框式结构“非X不成”中,主要用于句末,表达一种强调语气。这类“不成”还无法独立表达语气意义,必须与“非X不成”框式结构相结合,共同表达语气意义。如果脱离这一句法环境,“不成”的语气意义也将丧失。因此,“不成”仅仅表现出语气意义的萌芽,属于准句末语气词。“非X不成”结构可以表达三种语义:主观愿望、事件的必要性、事件的必然性。在表达这三种语义时,话语交际双方以及话语交际所关涉到的第三方的互动关系是不同的,但是它们都带有消极的、不如意的语义,其构式义为:表达对主观愿望的实现或客观事件的消极主观态度。从来源上看,准句末强调语气词“不成”,由否定副词“不成”在“不可”的类推作用之下语法化而成,但是它的使用频率和语法化程度并不高,仍处于发展演变过程中。In modern Chinese,“Bucheng(不成)”can be fixed in the frame structure“Fei(非)X Bucheng(不成)”,mainly used at the end of a sentence to express an emphatic mood.This kind of“bucheng(不成)”cannot independently express the mood meaning,and must be combined with the“Fei(非)X Bucheng(不成)”frame structure to jointly express the mood meaning.If it is separated from this syntactic environment,the mood meaning of“bucheng(不成)”will also be lost.Therefore,“Bucheng(不成)”only shows the germ of the mood meaning and belongs to a quasi-sentence-final mood particle.The“Fei(非)X Bucheng(不成)”structure can express three semantic meanings:subjective desire,the necessity of an event,and the inevitability of an event.When expressing these three semantic meanings,the interactive relationships among the two parties in the discourse communication and the third party involved in the discourse communication are different,but they all carry negative and unsatisfactory semantics,and its construction meaning is:to express a negative subjective attitude towards the realization of a subjective desire or an objective event.In terms of origin,the quasi-sentence-final emphatic mood particle“bucheng(不成)”is grammatically formed from the negative adverb“bucheng(不成)”under the analogical effect of“buke(不可)”,but its usage frequency and degree of grammaticalization are not high,and it is still in the process of development and evolution.

关 键 词：“非X不成” 语气意义 “不成” 准句末语气词 互动关系 语法化 

分 类 号：H14[语言文字—汉语]