传统儒家的经世困境——以董仲舒《士不遇赋》为中心  

A Study on Dong Zhong⁃Shu’s Statecraft Dilemma Based upon His“Shi⁃Bu⁃Yu⁃Fu”

作　　者：蔡智力 赵春明 Cai Zhili;Zhao Chunming

机构地区：[1]湖北大学历史文化学院

出　　处：《中国文化研究》2025年第1期103-113,共11页Chinese Culture Research

基　　金：国家社科基金后期资助重点项目“中国古典‘文学’概念反思性研究”(24FZWA003)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：董仲舒作为西汉经学大师,在政治上贡献诸多良策,然而却仕途不遇,远离政治中心。董氏作《士不遇赋》,分别以屈骚和《诗经》作为体式进行摹写,透显了他与屈原和孔子心灵经验的通感。其不遇情状是屈原式的,其消解方式却又转向孔子代表的儒家式。董仲舒不遇的根源不能简单概括为大一统专制政治的压力感。“大一统”理论的深入建构,实即出自董仲舒之手。他试图建构制约之天以钳制专制权源,但因为政治介入性与儒学独立性的矛盾未根本解决,导致他“触藩”失败,反被专制政治利用。董仲舒的不遇,预示着传统儒家无法解脱的经世困境。This essay aims to discuss Dong Zhongshu董仲舒’s statecraft dilemma based on his“Shi⁃Bu⁃Yu⁃Fu”(士不遇赋,an ode on individual aspiration and unfulfilment).First of all,the article explains why Dong felt unfulfilled,despite the fact that,according to historical records,he was not only regarded as the grandmaster by Confucians,but also highly valued by the emperor.Moreover,it analyzes the formation of Dong’s sense of unfulfillment through a textual analysis of the ode,which takes Qu Yuan屈原’s“Li⁃sao”离骚and The Book of Songs as its imitation objects,revealing that the unrealized modality of Dong was similar to Qu Yuan,while the way of resolving it was in the Confucian manner.Eventually,the essay discusses the primary cause of Dong’s unfulfillment,arguing that the previous view,which attributes the unfulfilled aspirations complex of intellectuals the Han Dynasty to da yi tong(大一统,grand unification)despotism,is a valid explanation as an explanation of the mass phenomenon, but is likely to be over⁃simple in Dong’s individual case. As a Gong Yang(公羊传, an interpretation of Gong Yang in The Spring and Autumn) scholar, Dong Zhongshuactually inherited and also promoted the political theory of “Da Yi Tong” (大一统, valuingharmonization), through which he attempted to construct a binding tian (天, sky or heaven)to restrict the autocratic royalty. However, because of the unresolved contradiction betweenConfucian political intervention and its independence, Dong’s theory was not realized and wasinstead appropriated by despotism.

关 键 词：董仲舒 《士不遇赋》 经世 儒家 

分 类 号：I222.4[文学—中国文学] B234.5[哲学宗教—中国哲学]