梯级水电开发的局地气候影响及累积生态效应研究进展  

Research Progress on Local Climate Impact and Cumulative Ecological Effects of Cascade Hydropower Development

作　　者：汪东川[1,2] 刘云绮 赵爽 俞长锦 曾孔鹏 张万恒 WANG Dongchuan;LIU Yunqi;ZHAO Shuang;YU Changjin;ZENG Kongpeng;ZHANG Wanheng(Tianjin Chengjian University,Tianjin 300384,P.R.China;Tianjin Key Laboratory of Water Quality Science and Technology,Tianjin 300384,P.R.China)

机构地区：[1]天津城建大学,天津300384 [2]天津市水质科学与技术重点实验室,天津300384

出　　处：《生态环境学报》2025年第3期484-498,共15页Ecology and Environmental Sciences

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(42271103)。

摘　　要：梯级水电开发是指在同一河流或流域内呈阶梯状修建一系列水利工程,以系统地利用水资源的开发方式,实现水资源的充分利用和有序调配。为了满足梯级水电开发生态保护和功能修复的需求,需要深入研究梯级水库群对局地气候、生态效应的集群累积效应及其时空分异规律。该文梳理了近年来水电开发局地气候影响与生态效应及梯级水电开发累积效应的前沿进展,并针对金沙江干热河谷这一生态脆弱区水电开发的局地气候影响和生态效应进行了深入探讨。结果表明,水电开发对局地气候湿度、温度、降雨等气候因素产生有季节差异的显著影响。生态效应方面,水生生态表现为水文条件的改变和对水生生物生命活动的影响;陆生生态表现为水电开发不仅直接干扰动植物栖息地影响陆生生态,还通过改变河流水文特征、土壤、局地气候等因素,对陆生生态产生间接影响。此外,相比于单一水电站,梯级水电开发对整个流域局地气候和生态的累积效应尤为显著,呈现出系统叠加性、阻断差异性、潜在滞后性和要素选择性。金沙江干热河谷水库尺度上的气候变化是全球气候变化和水库局地气候影响共同作用下产生的综合性变化,并对陆生生态产生了间接影响,促进了库区植被的恢复和更新。通过融合多学科技术的形式对典型水电开发区域的局地气候、生态效应展开研究,剔除水库气候效应中的全球气候变化影响,分析陆生生态对气候变化的响应机制,探明两者的时空分异规律及累积效应,以期破解梯级水电开发生态环境保护难题,有助于统筹推进“碳达峰、碳中和”中提出的“生态优先”这一重要原则。The development of cascade hydropower refers to the construction of a series of water conservancy projects in a stepped manner on the same river or river basin with the aim of systematically utilizing water resources.Through rational planning and scheduling,it maximizes the comprehensive benefits of water resources and realizes the full utilization and orderly allocation of water resources.Cascaded hydropower development can not only effectively improve the development and utilization efficiency of hydropower resources,but also provide technical support for regional energy structure optimization and ecological environment restoration.This study revealed the latest progress in the impact of hydropower development on the local climate,ecological effects,and cumulative effects of cascaded development in recent years.It focuses on discussing issues such as the local climate impacts of reservoirs and their influencing and constraining factors,the direct and indirect impacts of hydropower development on terrestrial ecology,and the cumulative ecological effects of cascaded hydropower development.In particular,it explores the local climate and ecological effects of hydropower development in the Jinsha River dry-hot valley,a typical ecologically fragile area.The results showed that,for large-scale water conservancy projects,the construction and operation of reservoirs have a significant impact on the local climate,mainly reflected in changes in factors such as humidity,temperature,and precipitation,with obvious seasonal differences.Reservoirs affect the temperature and precipitation patterns of the surrounding areas by regulating water evaporation and heat capacity,and simultaneously changing climatic factors such as wind speed and direction.Conversely,changes in the local climate can also cause changes in parameters,such as the water level,water temperature,and water quality of the reservoir,thus affecting the water supply,power generation efficiency,and ecological environment of the reservoir.A complex interaction mecha

关 键 词：梯级水电 局地气候 生态效应 间接影响 流域累积 金沙江干热河谷 

分 类 号：X16[环境科学与工程—环境科学]