马克思基于人与自然关系思想对费尔巴哈“类本质”概念的历史超越  

Marx's Historical Transcendence of Feuerbach's Concept of“Species Essence”Based on the Relationship Between Humans and Nature

作　　者：任铃 刘大程 REN Ling;LIU Da-cheng(School of Marxism,Nankai University,Tianjin 300350,China)

机构地区：[1]南开大学马克思主义学院,天津300350

出　　处：《哈尔滨工业大学学报(社会科学版)》2025年第2期106-114,共9页Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology(Social Sciences Edition)

基　　金：教育部哲学社会科学研究重大专项项目“党的十九大以来习近平生态文明思想的新进展新论断新贡献研究”(2022JZDZ008)。

摘　　要：费尔巴哈站在庸俗唯物主义的哲学立场,形成其“类本质”概念下的以人与自然为核心内容的人本主义哲学,初步完成了对宗教神学和思辨哲学将人与自然置于从属地位的理论批判。在从借用到扬弃费尔巴哈“类本质”概念的过程中,马克思解决了费尔巴哈所不能解释的“自然界的社会历史化”问题。在此,马克思揭露出资本主义社会内含人与自然关系异化的异化劳动的四个规定,从对异化劳动和私有财产的扬弃这两个方面实现了对费尔巴哈“类本质”概念的历史超越,开启了在共产主义社会解决人与自然矛盾的理论探索。借用费尔巴哈“类本质”概念是马克思人与自然关系思想走向成熟的特定阶段,已经涉及哲学、政治经济学和科学社会主义等理论内容,也是马克思关于人与自然关系思想的全景式展示,对我们从生态底线、资本作用、人民主体等角度认识和建设人与自然和谐共生的现代化具有重要价值。Feuerbach,from the standpoint of vulgar materialism,developed his concept of“species essence”,focusing on humanism centered on the relationship between humans and nature,and initially completed a theoretical critique of religious theology and speculative philosophy that placed humans and nature in a subordinate position.In the process of borrowing and transcending Feuerbach's concept of“species essence”,Marx addressed the issue of“the social historicization of nature”,which Feuerbach could not explain.Here,Marx revealed the four determinations of alienated labor inherent in capitalist society's relationship with nature,achieving a historical transcendence of Feuerbach's concept through the abolition of alienated labor and private property.This opened a theoretical exploration for resolving the contradictions between humans and nature in communist society.The borrowing of Feuerbach's concept marks a specific stage in the maturation of Marx's thought on the relationship between humans and nature,encompassing philosophical,political economic,and scientific socialist theories,and is a panoramic display of Marx's ideas on this relationship,providing significant value for understanding and constructing harmonious coexistence between humans and nature from the perspectives such as ecological limits,the role of capital,and the subjectivity of people.

关 键 词：马克思 人与自然 类本质 对象性 

分 类 号：B82-058[哲学宗教—伦理学]