蜜蜂采集澳洲坚果的行为及授粉效果研究  

Flower-visiting Behavior and Pollination of Macadamia integrifolia by Honey Bee

作　　者：秦加敏 陶玉波 晏天皓 岩理 张芬 邓尚靠 展江 张洋逸 赵必安 梁铖[1] QIN Jiamin;TAO Yubo;YAN Tianhao;YAN Li;ZHANG Fen;DENG Shangkao;ZHAN Jiang;ZHANG Yangyi;ZHAO Bi’an;LIANG Cheng(Sericulture and Apiculture Research Institute,Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Mengzi,Yunnan 661101,China;Animal Husbandry Workstation,Bureau of Agriculture,Rural Areas,Science and Technology of Ximeng Va Autonomous County,Ximeng,Yunnan 665700,China)

机构地区：[1]云南省农业科学院蚕桑蜜蜂研究所,云南蒙自661101 [2]西盟佤族自治县农业农村和科学技术局畜牧工作站,云南西盟665700

出　　处：《热带作物学报》2025年第3期743-753,共11页Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops

基　　金：国家现代农业蜂产业技术体系项目(No.CARS-44-SYZ14);云南省农业科学院蚕桑蜜蜂研究所2022年度青年创新基金项目(No.QC2022006);云南省科技人才与平台计划项目(No.202405AD350070)。

摘　　要：为科学评价蜜蜂对澳洲坚果(Macadamia integrifolia)的授粉性能,本研究调查了云南省西盟县种植的澳洲坚果的开花生物学特性、蜜蜂的采集行为以及蜜蜂授粉对澳洲坚果产量和品质的影响。结果表明:澳洲坚果A4品种每个花序的单花数量符合正态分布,在174~532朵之间,平均为(334.0±48.8)朵,出现频率最高的是272~374朵,占72.17%,其中60.24%的花序自轴基部向顶端依次开放,自花序轴中部向两端依次开放的占34.94%,自花序轴顶端向基部依次开放的占4.82%。在澳州坚果盛花期,中华蜜蜂(Apis cerana cerana)出巢、归巢及携粉工蜂数量随着时间的推移先增加后减少,出巢和归巢主要集中在12:00—15:00之间,高峰期在15:00,16:00以后活动蜜蜂数量急剧减少;中华蜜蜂携粉归巢主要集中在12:00—14:00之间,并在13:00达到高峰期;访花中华蜜蜂的数量显著高于大蜜蜂(A.dorsata)和小蜜蜂(A.florea),但工蜂单次在花序上停留时间较短,访花工蜂的数量随时间变化先增加后减少,访花活动时间主要集中在13:00—17:10;相关性分析显示,中华蜜蜂的日采集活动受光照强度、温度及湿度的影响较大,访花工蜂数量与引入授粉蜂群出巢、归巢工蜂数量显著相关。经蜜蜂授粉的澳洲坚果单花序平均坐果率较对照组显著提高64.15%,花序脱落比例较对照组降低55.39%。此外,蜜蜂授粉的澳洲坚果单果质量、单果横径和纵径、出种率、出仁率,果仁全氮含量、粗蛋白含量、粗脂肪含量及22种脂肪酸含量均高于对照组,其中饱和脂肪酸辛酸、癸酸和山嵛酸,不饱和脂肪酸11,14-二十碳二烯酸4种脂肪酸的含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。由此可见,引入中华蜜蜂为澳洲坚果授粉可减少果树花序的脱落,增加坐果率,改善果实品质。To scientifically evaluate the pollination performance of Macadamia integrifolia by the dominant bee species in China(Apis cerana cerana),we investigated the flowering biological characteristics of M.integrifolia,the pollination behavior of A.cerana cerana,and the effects on M.integrifolia yield and quality by A.cerana cerana pollination in Ximeng Va Autonomous county of China.The results showed that the number of flowers per raceme in macadamia cul-tivars A4 was in a normal distribution,ranging from 174 to 532 flowers,with an average of 334.0±48.8.The most fre-quent number of flowers range was 272-374,accounting for 72.17%.The order of A4 floret opening was from the base of inflorescence axis to the top,accounting for 60.24%,from the middle of inflorescence axis to both ends,accounting for 34.94%,and from the top to the base of inflorescence axis,accounting for 4.82%.In M.integrifolia full-bloom stage,the number of A.cerana cerana left colony,back to colony,and pollen-collecting workers increased at first,and then decreased with the time.The number of A.cerana cerana left colony,back to colony workers were mainly concentrated in 12:00—15:00,and with the peak period at 15:00,then,it decreased sharply after 16:00.The number of pol-len-collecting back to colony workers was mainly concentrated in 12:00—14:00,and with the peak at 13:00.The number of A.cerana cerana visiting flowers was significantly higher than that of Apis dorsata and Apis florea,but A.cerana cerana had a shorter per raceme visiting time.The number of visiting flowers workers of A.cerana cerana in-creased at first,then decreased with time,and the time of the visiting activity was mainly concentrated in 13:00—17:10.The correlation analysis results showed that the daily collection activities of A.cerana cerana were greatly influenced by light intensity,temperature and humidity.The average fruit setting rate of per raceme of M.integrifolia by A.cerana cerana pollination significantly increased by 64.15%,and the proportion of raceme falling reduc

关 键 词：中华蜜蜂 澳洲坚果 授粉 访花行为 营养成分 

分 类 号：S664.9[农业科学—果树学]