环境民事公益诉讼中“重大环境风险”司法认定模式研究  

Research on the Judicial Recognition Mode of“Significant Environmental Risk”in Environmental Civil Public Interest Litigation

作　　者：韩康宁 冷罗生[1,4] Han Kangning;Leng Luosheng

机构地区：[1]北京师范大学法学院 [2]澳大利亚西澳大学法学院 [3]科廷大学法学院 [4]北京师范大学经济法学与环境资源法学教学研究中心

出　　处：《风险灾害危机研究》2024年第1期54-82,共29页Journal of Risk, Disaster & Crisis Research

基　　金：国家社会科学基金青年项目“比例原则视角下生态环境损害法律责任体系化研究”(22CFX041);北京师范大学学科交叉基金项目“应对气候变化的碳排放环境风险司法控制研究”(BNUXKJC2208);北京师范大学法学院学术型研究生专项科研基金研究课题“风险预防原则在环境司法适用中的谦抑性研究”(2023LAW002);国家留学基金委员会2024年国家建设高水平大学公派研究生项目(202406040105)支持

摘　　要：环境民事公益诉讼蕴含着风险预防功能,借助司法权回应风险社会之规制需求。当前中国司法解释虽将“重大环境风险”纳入规制范畴,却缺乏对其本质特征、具体司法识别方法以及因果关系证明标准等问题的完备阐释。针对司法实践中“重大环境风险”的认定模式混乱之情形,须归纳出一般性的理论与实践共识,明确规范层面上的风险内涵,从风险状态审查和法律再评价维度,就重大环境风险认定模式予以统一。为此,在尊重行政权对重大环境风险的首次判断的前提下,明确风险原因行为的阶段性和相应的评价节点,框定违法性为独立的构成要件,采取阶段化的因果关系推定规则,综合社会一般常识、科学因果法则和经验法则等标准对重大环境风险存在与否予以判断。同时,需警惕重大环境风险司法认定的过度泛化倾向,以均衡环境司法谦抑性与能动性之间的应然尺度。Civil environmental public interest litigation carries the function of risk prevention,responding to the regulatory demands of a risk society through judicial authority.Although current judicial interpretations in China incorporate“significant environmental risks”into the regulatory scope,there is a lack of comprehensive interpretation regarding its essential characteristics,specific judicial identification methods,and standards for proving causality.Given the confusion in judicial practice regarding the identification of“significant environmental risks”,it is necessary to summarize general theoretical and practical consensus,clarify the risk connotation at the regulatory level,and unify the identification model of significant environmental risks from the perspective of risk status review and legal reevaluation.Therefore,while respecting the administrative authority's initial judgment on significant environmental risks,it is important to define the stages and corresponding assessment points of risk-causing behaviors,establish illegality as an independent constitutive element,and adopt a phased causal relationship presumption rule.Judgments on the existence of significant environmental risks should be based on a synthesis of societal common sense,scientific causal principles,and experiential rules.At the same time,there is a need to be cautious of the tendency towards overgeneralization in the judicial determination of significant environmental risks,maintaining a balanced scale between environmental judicial restraint and assertiveness.

关 键 词：重大环境风险 司法认定 环境民事公益诉讼 风险预防原则 

分 类 号：D925.1[政治法律—诉讼法学] D922.68[政治法律—法学]