周代“从道不从君”的“臣道”论  

Theory of the "Way of Ministers" in the Zhou Dynasty:"Follow the Way Instead of the Ruler"

作　　者：祁志祥 Qi Zhixiang(Institute of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences,Hainan Normal University,Haikou 571158,China)

机构地区：[1]海南师范大学人文社会科学高等研究院,海南海口571158

出　　处：《东方论坛—青岛大学学报(社会科学版)》2025年第2期22-29,共8页Eastern Forum(JOURNAL OF QINGDAO UNIVERSITY)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金后期资助项目“‘人的觉醒’:周代思想的启蒙景观”(21FZXB025)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：周代“外王之道”探讨的一个专题是“臣道”。“臣”是协助君主平定天下、为天下苍生服务的“辅翼”,既有“君令臣共”、事君以忠的责任,又有“从道不从君”的权利。周代并未出现“君为臣纲”的单向要求,而是设置了“君义臣忠”的互为因果契约。如果君主失去“仁义”之道,臣子就应当“逆命而利君”;如果君主一意孤行,成为独夫民贼,臣子就有“革命”的权利把他推翻。周代的“臣道”学说从辅君为民的发生机制论及君臣的各自职责,强调匡君之邪、“纳善于君”的谏诤之道才是真正的“忠臣”之道。其核心主张是:“忠臣”所忠,应是国泰民安之道;明君行道,就从道忠君;昏君悖道,就从道逆君。周代的“臣道”学说奠定了中国古代外王之道中的民本基石和对君主的制衡机制,为现代政治文明建设提供了值得借鉴的思想资源。A key theme in the Zhou Dynasty’s discourse on the "Way of external king" was the "Way of ministers".Ministers,as "assistants" who aided rulers in stabilizing the realm and serving the populace,bore dual responsibilities:fulfilling the duty of "obeying the ruler with shared purposes" while retaining the right to "prioritize the Way over blind loyalty to the ruler".The Zhou era did not impose a unilateral demand of "monarch as the supreme authority",but instead established a reciprocal contractual relationship of "virtuous rule and loyal service".If a ruler deviated from the Way of "benevolence and righteousness",ministers were obligated to "resist unjust orders to benefit the ruler";if the ruler became a tyrant,ministers held the right to "revolution" to overthrow him.The "Way of ministers" doctrine in the Zhou era emphasized ministers' duty to rectify rulers' errors and "guide the rulers toward goodness",framing remonstrance as the essence of true loyalty.Its core tenet asserts that a "loyal minister" must prioritize the Way of national stability and public welfare.For a wise ruler aligned with the Way,loyalty to the ruler aligned with loyalty to the Way;for a tyrant opposing the Way,loyalty to the Way necessitated resistance to the ruler.This theory laid the people-oriented foundationand the checks-and-balances mechanism for imperial governance in ancient China,offering valuable ideological resources for modern political progress.

关 键 词：周代 外王之道 臣道 从道不从君 逆命而利君 

分 类 号：B221[哲学宗教—中国哲学] D092[政治法律—政治学]