“对话”视域下荀子的辨说伦理刍议  

Exploring Xunzi’s Ethics of Argumentation from the Perspective of“Discourse”

作　　者：陈晨捷 Chen Chenjie

机构地区：[1]山东大学儒学高等研究院,济南250100 [2]山东大学儒家文明省部共建协同创新中心,济南250100

出　　处：《华东师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2025年第2期70-77,180,共9页Journal of East China Normal University(Humanities and Social Sciences)

基　　金：国家社科基金一般项目“先秦儒家时间哲学研究”(项目编号:21BZX057)。

摘　　要：荀子的辨说主张具有较为突出的“对话”特征,如在“说”上要求“以仁心说”“疑则不言”等,在“辨”上要求“辨则尽故”“以公心辩”等。总体而言,他认为辨说应符合三大伦理:一、要以人类社会的整体利益为立论的出发点与价值旨归;二、在辨说中主体应向他者敞开并尊重对方的同等权益;三、各方的观点应得到别人发自本心的认同而不可假之于任何外力。不过若以哈贝马斯“对话伦理学”为观照,荀子关于辨说的构想仍有不足,比如他对辨说的态度比较消极、先预设结果再试图通过辨说以达成共识、不支持多元价值、未能平等对待所有的言说与所有人的话语权利、缺乏对言语本身性质的讨论等。但若悬置其价值优先的立场,荀子“以仁心说,以学心听,以公心辩”对现代社会而言仍具积极意义。Xunzi’s theory of argumentation is characterized by a focus on“discourse”.For instance,he advocates for“speaking with benevolence”and“keeping silent when one has doubts”in the context of“saying”.Meanwhile,in the realm of“arguing”,he emphasizes the need to“argue with sufficient reasons”and“argue with justice”.In general,he asserts that argumentation should adhere to three fundamental ethical principles:first,it should prioritize the overall interests of human society as its core value and starting point;second,the subject should be open to others and respect the equal rights and interests of all participants in the argument;third,the views of all parties should be genuinely recognized from the heart and not influenced by any external forces.However,when viewed through the lens of Habermas’s‘discourse ethics’,Xunzi’s conception of discourse still has some shortcomings.These include his negative attitude towards discourse,presupposing outcomes and then attempting to reach consensus through discourse,disapproval of multiple values,failure to treat all speech and everyone’s right to discourse equally,and a lack of discussion on the nature of speech itself.However,if his position on value prioritization is set aside,Xunzi’s ideas such as‘speaking with benevolence’,‘listening with a learning mind’,and‘arguing with justice’still hold positive value for modern society.

关 键 词：荀子 辨说 哈贝马斯 “对话” 

分 类 号：G63[文化科学—教育学]