从本质到现象抑或从现象到本质——辨识马克思的经济分析思维  

From Essence to Phenomenon or from Phenomena to Essence:Distinguishing Marx’s Thinking of Economic Analysis

作　　者：朱富强[1] Zhu Fuqiang

机构地区：[1]中山大学岭南学院,广州510275

出　　处：《中山大学学报(社会科学版)》2025年第2期167-182,共16页Journal of Sun Yat-sen University(Social Science Edition)

摘　　要：一般来说,“从现象到本质”思维的目的在于发现“本质”,致力于探究根本性的但不紧迫的宏观社会问题,从而主要适用于社会哲学领域;与此不同,“从本质到现象”思维的目的则在于解悉“现象”,致力于关注和解决具体的微观社会问题,从而更适用于社会经济学。显然,马克思学说同时关注社会根本问题和社会具体现象,从而也就嵌入了“从现象到本质”和“从本质到现象”这两种思维和研究路线。不过,由于马克思处于社会大变革时期,因而也就集中关注根本性的认知论范畴,这使得“从现象到本质”研究路线得到更为充分的运用。但是,在平稳发展的当今社会,经济学要认识和解决具体的微观现象和问题,更需要承继和发展马克思学说中的“从本质到现象”研究路线。更进一步地,本质的获得也不是源于对现象的简单归纳,不能局限于数理逻辑和计量分析的使用;相反,它需要将归纳分析和演绎分析契合起来,从而形成一种根基于辩证思维的溯因推理法。由此,就可以不断推进我们的社会认知,促进现代经济理论的进步,进而更好地实现“认识和改造现实世界”这双重任务。Generally speaking,the purpose of“from phenomena to essence”thinking is to uncover“essence”,and to explore fundamental but not urgent macro-social issues,so it is mainly applicable to the field of social philosophy.In contrast,the purpose of“from essence to phenomenon”thinking is to analyze“phenomenon”,and to focus on and solve specific micro-social problems,so it is more applicable to social economics.Clearly,Marx’s theory addresses both the fundamental social problems and the specific social phenomena,incorporating two thinking and research routes:“from phenomena to essence”and“from essence to phenomenon”.Due to the period of great social change,Marx focused on the fundamental categories of cognitive theory,which made the research route of“from phenomenon to essence”more fully utilized.However,in today’s society with steady development,it is more crucial to inherit and develop the research line of“from essence to phenomenon”in Marx’s theory to analyze and solve specific micro-phenomena and problems in economics.Furthermore,the acquisition of essence originates from neither the simple induction of phenomena nor the use of mathematical logic and quantitative analysis.Rather,it requires combining inductive analysis with deductive analysis so as to form a kind of abductive reasoning grounded in dialectical thinking.This approach allows us to advance our social cognition and the progress of modern economic theory,ultimately fulfilling the dual task of“explaining and reforming the real world”.

关 键 词：马克思经济学 经济分析 从本质到现象 哲学思维 溯因推理 

分 类 号：G63[文化科学—教育学]