从域外史料所见族群分类看元代的族群关系——“色目人”及“四等人制”再反思  

Ethnic Relations in the Yuan Dynasty through the Lens of Ethnic Categorization in Latin and Persian Sources:A Reappraisal of the "Four-Class System"

作　　者：周思成 Zhou Sicheng

机构地区：[1]清华大学人文学院历史系,北京市100084

出　　处：《民族研究》2025年第1期89-103,M0005,共16页Ethno-National Studies

摘　　要：聚焦于“四等人制”的元代族群关系研究近年来进展颇多,然甚少措意于域外史料对于探索元代西域人的族群认知和族群分类的价值和意义。《马可·波罗行纪》主要采用了宗教人群分类的模式化叙述,《史集》不仅将元朝中央官僚分为蒙古人和“出身于各个不同民族”之人,并且非常关注忽必烈政权中的“大食诸异密”和“契丹诸异密”。这皆是“四等人制”未能反映的族群交往图景,并且鲜少带有分层、等级制色彩。“族群等级制”更多是一种虚像,以“色目人”为代表的族群区分,主要是元朝出于多种需要而采用的一套行政设定;在元代民族关系研究中,应重视和区分来自国家和宗教这两方面的关键影响。Significant progress has been made in the study of ethnic relations in the Yuan dynasty,particularly regarding the "Four-class system".Yet limited attention has been given to Latin and Persian sources in exploring ethnic concepts and categorization from the perspective of Westerners(西域人).Marco Polo's account categorized people based on religious groups,while the Jāmi'al-Tawārīkh divided the central bureaucrats of the Yuan dynasty into the Mongols and "miscellaneous populations",with particular emphasis on the rise of "Umarā-yi Khitāy" and " Umarā-yi Tāzhik" under Kublai Khan's regime.These descriptions reflect neither the class system nor any tendency of stratification or hierarchy.The notion of "ethnic group hierarchy" in the Yuan dynasty may be a misconception.The categorization of the four main ethnic groups should instead be understood as an administrative framework established by Yuan bureaucrats for various purposes.In studying ethnic relations,it is important to distinguish and emphasize the major influences of both the state and religions factors.

关 键 词：四等人制 族群关系 马可·波罗 《史集》 

分 类 号：G63[文化科学—教育学]