行政决定者的思维过程不受探索吗?——以美国行政裁决为中心的考察  

Are the Mental Processes of Administrative Decision-Makers not Subject to Exploration?—A Study Centered on Administrative Adjudication in the United States

作　　者：阳李 Yang Li

机构地区：[1]成都中医药大学马克思主义学院

出　　处：《厦门大学法律评论》2024年第2期61-77,共17页Xiamen University Law Review

摘　　要：司法机构与行政机构在功能和性质上存在显著差异。与法院相比,行政机构在所处领域具有专业性和权威性,能够作出正确和高效的决定。在绝大多数情况下,法院对行政机构之决定应当保持较大程度的尊让,不应探索行政决定者的思维过程,这是摩根原则的内在逻辑。然而,法院对行政机构的恭敬态度并不意味着放弃司法审查职责。原因在于,行政机构掌握的知识和信息可能仅仅具有局部正确性,在某些领域,行政机构甚至无力获取到绝对正确的知识和信息,在论证行政决定的合理性时,行政机构可能难以寻找到终极的正确答案。概言之,行政机构的专业性和权威性并不一定能够支撑行政决定的终极正确性。因此,在适当的时候,法院可以要求行政决定者说明所作决定的合法性和合理性,尤其是阐明涉及复杂问题时的具体的逻辑推理过程。从司法实践来看,如果行政决定者明显没有考量听证意见,存在强烈恶意或不当行为,或者没有遵守正当程序原则,那么法院就可以探索行政决定者的思维过程。There are significant differences in functions and nature between judicial agencies and administrative agencies.Compared with courts,administrative agencies are professional and authoritative in their fields and can make correct and efficient decisions.In the vast majority of cases,courts should maintain a greater degree of respect for the decisions of administrative agencies and should not explore the mental process of administrative decision-makers.This is the internal logic of the Morgan principle.However,the courts'deferential approach to administrative agencies does not mean an abdication of judicial review responsibilities.The reason is that the knowledge and information held by adminis-trative agencies may only be partially correct.In some areas,administrative agencies are even unable to obtain absolutely correct knowledge and information.When demonstrating the rationality of administrative decisions,administrative agencies may struggle to find the ultimate right answer.In short,the professionalism and authority of administrative agencies do not necessarily support the ultimate correctness of administrative decisions.Therefore,when appropriate,the court can require the administrative decision-makers to explain the legality and rationality of the decision,especially to clarify the specific logical reasoning process when involving complex issues.From the perspective of judicial practice,if the administrative decision-maker obviously failed to consider the hearing opin-ions,showed strong malice or improper behavior,or failed to comply with the principle of due process,then the court may explore the administrative decision-maker's mental process.

关 键 词：行政决定者 思维过程 行政裁决 摩根原则 

分 类 号：D971.2[政治法律—法学] D912.1