试论形式语言学与认知语言学的融通与互鉴——以日语存在句为例  

Interaction and mutual learning between formal linguistics and cognitive linguistics:A case study of Japanese existential sentences

作　　者：吴宇驰 刘艺婷 赵蓉[1] Wu Yuchi;Liu Yiting;Zhao Rong

机构地区：[1]清华大学,100084

出　　处：《高等日语教育》2024年第2期115-133,180,共20页Advanced Japanese Language Education

基　　金：清华大学“水木学者”计划支持

摘　　要：作为语言学的两大流派,形式语言学和认知语言学均为解释性理论,将人类语言视作一种“心理现象”。本文以“日语存在句”为切入点,梳理了两派学者研究的异同,发现形式语言学从句法结构出发更关注典型存在句的语序、主语成分、与所有句和处所句的关系、系词「ある/いる」的分布、定指效应等问题;认知语言学以语义为线索将存在句的射程扩展至样态类,描摹了其语义特点、认知主体对其把握方式、构式与词汇含义的互动、动词与构式的关联强度等现象。两者各有擅长,又各自存在尚未解决的问题。本文认为当没有一种理论能够解释全部语言现象时,我们可以先厘清各家之言,在更细致的层面上明确各学派在“现象解释”中的分工协作,共同推进对复杂语言现象的深入分析与理解。This article examines the similarities and differences between formal linguistics and cognitive linguistics,two prominent schools of linguistics that both consider human language as a“psychological phenomenon.”Using“Japanese existential sentences”as a point of departure,the article finds that formal linguistics primarily focuses on syntactic structure,addressing issues such as word order,subject components,relationship with other sentences,the distribution of copula“ある/いる,”and definite effects observed in typical existential sentences.On the other hand,cognitive linguistics expands the scope of existential sentences to modal types,emphasizing semantic characteristics,the cognitive subject’s understanding,the interaction between construction and lexical meaning,and the strength of verb-construction associations.While both schools excel in their respective domains,they also confront unresolved challenges.The article suggests that,in the absence of a unified theory explaining all language phenomena,we should elucidate each school’s perspectives,delineate their distinct roles and collaboration in explaining phenomena at a finer granularity,ultimately approaching to the“truth.”

关 键 词：形式语言学 认知语言学 日语存在句 样态存在句 

分 类 号：H36[语言文字—日语]