“经济的历史观”:马克思主义与五四后的儿童公育讨论  

"The Historical View of Economy":Marxism and the Discussion on Public Childcare Following the May Fourth Movement

作　　者：刘庆霖 Liu Qinglin

机构地区：[1]北京大学马克思主义学院

出　　处：《江苏社会科学》2025年第2期223-231,I0005,共10页Jiangsu Social Sciences

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目“汉译日本马克思主义文献研究(1912-1949)”(22CDJ004)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：五四运动前后,知识界部分人士提出实行儿童公育,以公共机构替代家庭育儿职能,引发了持续讨论。其中,家庭制度的存废成为讨论的焦点。反对者强调家庭的社会功能,主张建设一夫一妻小家庭。支持者则从经济和物质角度,分析了家庭的起源和历史,从而批判家庭制度中的不平等问题。儿童公育讨论者共享的理论前提是进化论影响下的社会进化想象,但将进化论与生物学观点应用于社会分析,需要克服其与妇女解放目标的矛盾。马克思主义在此时提供了关键的理论工具,为支持者构建了“经济的历史观”。恽代英是支持儿童公育的代表人物,他大量引用马克思主义文献,并译介了恩格斯的《家庭、私有制和国家的起源》,以儿童问题为导向重构书中的理论,支撑其有新村主义色彩的儿童公育设想。这显示了在五四青年视野中,马克思主义的历史理论对具体问题具有解释力,并逐渐影响了五四青年的认知结构。Around the time of the May Fourth Movement,certain intellectuals proposed the implementation of public childcare,suggesting that public institutions replace the family's child-rearing functions,sparking sustained debate.The central issue of this discussion was the retention or abolition of the family system.Opponents emphasized the social functions of the family,advocating for the establishment of monogamous nuclear families.Proponents,however,analyzed the origins and history of the family from economic and material perspectives,critiquing the inequalities embedded within the family system.Participants in the public childcare debate shared a theoretical premise shaped by social evolutionary imagination influenced by Darwinian evolutionism.Yet,applying evolutionary and biological perspectives to social analysis required reconciling their contradictions with the goal of women's emancipation.At this juncture,Marxism provided a critical theoretical tool,enabling proponents to construct an"historical view of economy".Yun Daiying,a prominent advocate of public childcare,extensively referenced Marxist literature and translated Engels'The Origin of the Family,Private Property and the State.He restructured the book's theories with a focus on children's issues to support his vision of public childcare,which bore traces of New Village idealism.This demonstrates that,within the perspective of May Fourth youth,Marxist historical theory offered explanatory power for specific issues and gradually shaped their cognitive framework.

关 键 词：儿童公育 《家庭、私有制和国家的起源》 马克思主义传播 进化论 

分 类 号：G63[文化科学—教育学]