亲社会行为的内群体偏向:社会动机的视角  

The ingroup preference in prosocial behavior:from the perspective of social motives

作　　者：朱婧玮 周雨青 Jingwei Zhu;Yuqing Zhou(CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science,Institute of Psychology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100101,China;Department of Psychology,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049,China)

机构地区：[1]中国科学院心理研究所行为科学重点实验室,北京100101 [2]中国科学院大学心理学系,北京100049

出　　处：《科学通报》2025年第8期991-1004,共14页Chinese Science Bulletin

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(32300880);中国科学院心理研究所(E3CX1225,E2CX1524YZ)资助。

摘　　要：亲社会行为是指有益于他人及社会的一系列行为,其有利于促进人际和谐与社会稳定.然而,亲社会行为会因个体与帮助对象的社会关系而发生变化,人们倾向于帮助内群体成员而非外群体成员,这一现象又被称为亲社会行为的内群体偏向,是社会心理学的长期研究要点,其背后的神经机制也正逐渐成为社会认知神经科学的关注焦点.本文探讨了对内外群体进行亲社会行为时所依赖功能脑区的共性与个性,并从社会动机的视角,结合已有的影像学研究结果,对推动内外群体亲社会行为的潜在动机进行了分析.本文指出,利他、利群、利己主义动机共同促成了亲社会行为的内群体偏向,而平等主义则是外群体帮助行为的强势推动力.在此基础上,本文从社会动机的角度,进一步提出了促进外群体亲社会行为的潜在干预措施.Prosocial behaviors encompass actions that benefit others and society,fostering interpersonal harmony and social stability.However,individuals do not consistently exhibit uniform kindness toward others,particularly in the context of intergroup relationships.Previous research indicates a clear ingroup preference for prosocial actions beginning in childhood,where individuals are more inclined to help those perceived as part of their own group due to shared identities and common interests.Interestingly,evidence suggests instances of outgroup favoritism in specific contexts;for example,during the recent influx of refugees in Europe,some individuals displayed a greater willingness to help outgroup members than ingroup members.Such findings underscore the complexity of motivations behind prosocial behaviors in intergroup contexts,indicating that these motivations are not static and may vary based on situational factors and individual differences.Therefore,identifying the specific motivations driving prosocial behaviors toward ingroup and outgroup members is crucial for understanding the dynamics of intergroup relations.This paper expands on Batson’s theoretical framework of prosocial behavior motives by incorporating existing neuroimaging research to illustrate how altruism,egoism,and collectivism collectively amplify ingroup bias in prosocial behaviors.Conversely,principlism acts as a regulatory mechanism that reduces bias and promotes prosocial actions toward outgroup members.In the first section,we summarize relevant neural circuits involved in prosocial behaviors,illustrating that such behaviors are linked to neural networks engaged in reward processing,self-control,mentalizing,and emotional salience.The second section discusses the impacts of the four primary motives—altruism,egoism,collectivism,and principlism—on intergroup preferences in prosocial behaviors.This discussion elucidates the motivating roles of empathy,social identity,reciprocity,and egalitarian social norms,highlighting how these factors can

关 键 词：亲社会行为 群际关系 社会动机 共情 社会认知 

分 类 号：B842[哲学宗教—基础心理学]