有机肥等氮替代化肥对马铃薯氮素吸收及产量的影响  

Effects of Equal Replacement of Chemical Fertilizer Nitrogen with Organic Manure Nitrogen on Nitrogen Uptake and Yield of Potato

作　　者：孙雪梅 赵吉霞 张文妹 张孟鸽 鲁泽让 李永梅[1] 范茂攀[1] SUN Xue-mei;ZHAO Ji-xia;ZHANG Wen-mei;ZHANG Meng-ge;LU Ze-rang;LI Yong-mei;FAN Mao-pan(College of Resources and Environment,Yunnan Agricultural University,Kunming 650201,China)

机构地区：[1]云南农业大学资源与环境学院,云南昆明650201

出　　处：《土壤通报》2025年第1期157-170,共14页Chinese Journal of Soil Science

基　　金：云南省重大科技专项(202202AE090034);云南省新型研发机构培育对象洱海流域农业绿色发展研究院(202304BQ040005);云南省张福锁院士工作站(202305AF150055)。

摘　　要：【目的】本研究探讨化肥减施和氮肥有机替代对马铃薯氮素吸收和产量的影响,为国家化肥零增长战略实施提供理论依据。【方法】以‘滇薯1418’为供试材料,设置不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(CF)、有机肥等氮替代20%化肥(MF1)、有机肥等氮替代40%化肥(MF2)、有机肥等氮替代60%化肥(MF3)5个处理,于2023年和2024年进行马铃薯施肥效果田间试验。在5个处理中,除CK外,其他处理的氮磷钾养分投入量相同。在马铃薯生育期内测定根际土壤理化性状、马铃薯植株不同部位干物质和氮素积累量;在成熟期测定马铃薯产量和商品薯率,并计算马铃薯经济效益、肥料利用率和土壤氮盈余。【结果】结果表明,2023年和2024年,MF1和MF2处理马铃薯产量均达到最高且相对稳定。与CK和CF处理相比,有机肥等氮替代化肥处理MF1和MF2对马铃薯块茎、整株干物质积累量和氮素积累量具有促进作用,进而增加了马铃薯生产的总收入;增加成熟期土壤碱解氮和速效钾含量、减少了土壤氮盈余。与CF处理相比,两年MF1和MF2处理成熟期马铃薯块茎氮积累量提高了1.89%~5.38%和3.85%~21.69%,MF1处理成熟期马铃薯整株氮积累量提高了5.41%~6.09%。马铃薯产量与各种肥料利用率呈极显著正相关关系、与土壤氮盈余呈显著负相关关系。【结论】在洱海流域高肥力土壤农田,施用20%~40%的有机肥氮替代化肥氮,土壤养分供应状况与马铃薯氮养分的吸收特点吻合,既可保证马铃薯块茎形成期对氮素的需要,又能促进马铃薯块茎膨大期和成熟期对氮素的吸收积累,进而提高马铃薯产量和肥料利用率,是实现马铃薯高效种植的最佳施肥方式。[Objective]This study investigated the effects of chemical fertilizer reduction and organic manure nitrogen(N)equivalent replacement of chemical fertilizer N on potato N uptake and yield,providing a theoretical basis for the implementation of the national zero-growth strategy of chemical fertilizers.[Method]Taking'Yunnan Potato 1418'as the test material,five treatments were set up,including no fertilization(CK),single application of chemical fertilizer(CF),organic fertilizer N replacing 20%of chemical fertilizer N(MF1),organic fertilizer N replacing 40%of chemical fertilizer N(MF2)and organic fertilizer N replacing 60%of chemical fertilizer N(MF3).The field experiment of potato fertilization effect was carried out in 2023 and 2024.In the five treatments,except for CK,the nutrient inputs of N,phosphorus(P)and potassium(K)in other treatments were the same.During the growth period of potato,the physical and chemical properties of rhizosphere soil,dry matter and N accumulation in different parts of the plant were measured,and potato yield and commercial potato rate were measured at maturity and the economic benefits of potato,fertilizer utilization rate and N surplus were calculated.[Result]The results showed that the potato yield of MF1 and MF2 treatments reached the highest and relatively stable in 2023 and 2024.Compared with CK and CF treatments,organic fertilizer N replacing chemical fertilizer N treatments MF1 and MF2 promoted the dry matter accumulation and N accumulation of potato tubers and whole plants,thus increasing the total income of potato production,and increased the content of available N and available K and reduced the soil N surplus.Compared with CF treatment,the N accumulation of potato tubers increased by 1.89%~5.38%and 3.85%~21.69%at maturity stage of MF1 and MF2,and the N accumulation of whole plant increased by 5.41%~6.09%at maturity stage of MF1 treatment in two years.Potato yield was significantly positively correlated with various fertilizer utilization rates and significantly negatively cor

关 键 词：马铃薯 有机肥替代化肥 养分吸收利用 产量 

分 类 号：S532[农业科学—作物学]