论酷刑之恶及其可允许性——以克莱默的酷刑观为线索  

On the Evils of Torture and Its Permissibility:A Discussion Centered on Kramer's View of Torture

作　　者：张竹成 Zhang Zhucheng

机构地区：[1]澳门大学法学院,中国

出　　处：《人权》2025年第1期177-201,共25页Human Rights

基　　金：北京市社会科学基金青年项目(项目批准号22FXC018)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：在酷刑的法学与哲学研究中存在两个难题:酷刑何以为恶(难题1)、是否存在可允许的酷刑(难题2)。难题1的要点在于证明酷刑之恶的特殊性,难题2的要点在于找到一种合适的理论兼顾定时炸弹假想中的“拒绝放任直觉”和“特殊性直觉”。现有主流方案都是失败的。但是,马修·克莱默的酷刑观可以同时回应两个难题中的要点。对于难题1,克莱默选择以施刑者为中心的视角,主张酷刑会破坏施刑者的道德整全性;对于难题2,克莱默认为我们面临的情况实际上是一种道德冲突的困境,使用酷刑是当下道德上错误但最佳的行为,使用酷刑具有弱许可性。不过关于酷刑之恶,克莱默无法解释酷刑的特殊性,他的理论也无法适用于所有酷刑类型,而且以施刑者为中心的论证在逻辑上存在漏洞。关于酷刑的可允许性,克莱默的整体思路是正确的,但是他没有对“禁止使用酷刑”的道德义务的存在问题和初确性问题给出合理解释。一种正确的酷刑观应该坚持以受刑者为中心的视角,在难题1中用叠加的方式理解酷刑之恶,在难题2中承认道德冲突困境的存在,既要证明使用酷刑在某些情况下是道德上最佳的选择,又要证明禁止使用酷刑的义务在此时仅仅是被压倒的。In the legal and philosophical study of torture,two major problems arise:Why is torture evil(Problem 1)?And is there a form of permissible torture(Problem 2)?The key issue in Problem 1 is demonstrating the unique harm of torture,while Problem 2 aims to find a suitable theory to balance the“intuitive rejection”and“intuition of exceptional cases”in the ticking bomb scenario.Existing mainstream approaches have generally failed to resolve these issues.However,Matthew Kramer's perspective on torture addresses both aspects of these problems.For Problem 1,Kramer adopts an executionercentered viewpoint,arguing that torture undermines the moral integrity of the perpetrator.Regarding Problem 2,he suggests that the situation we face is a moral conflict in which the use of torture is morally wrong but might be the best action in a given context,granting it a weaker form of permissibility.However,in terms of the unique wrongness of torture,Kramer fails to explain its specificity.His theory cannot apply to all types of torture,and his executionercentered argument contains logical flaws.Regarding the permissibility of torture,while Kramer's overall approach is correct,he does not provide a reasonable explanation of the moral obligation to“forbid torture”or the initial certainties surrounding it.A correct perspective on torture should adhere to an inmatecentered viewpoint,understanding the wrongness of torture in an additive manner in Problem 1,and acknowledging the existence of moral conflict in Problem 2.It should not only demonstrate that,in some situations,the use of torture may be the morally best option,but also show that the moral obligation to prohibit torture is simply outweighed under these circumstances.

关 键 词：酷刑 刑讯 马修·克莱默 酷刑之恶 酷刑的可允许性 

分 类 号：G63[文化科学—教育学]