Genetic and environmental factors contributing to anophthalmia and microphthalmia:Current understanding and future directions  

作　　者：Shiwali Goyal Shailja Tibrewal Ria Ratna Vanita Vanita 

机构地区：[1]Department of Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch,National Eye Institute,Rockville,MD 20852,United States [2]Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology,Dr.Shroff’s Charity Eye Hospital,New Delhi 110002,Delhi,India [3]Department of Ocular Genetics(Center for Unknown and Rare Eye Diseases),Dr.Shroff’s Charity Eye Hospital,New Delhi 110002,Delhi,India [4]Department of Human Genetics,Guru Nanak Dev University,Amritsar 143005,Punjab,India

出　　处：《World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics》2025年第2期9-29,共21页世界临床儿科杂志(英文)

摘　　要：Anophthalmia is defined as a complete absence of one eye or both the eyes,while microphthalmia represents the presence of a small eye within the orbit.The estimated birth prevalence for anophthalmia is approximately 3 per 100000 live births,and for microphthalmia,it is around 14 per 100000 live births.However,combined evidence suggests that the prevalence of these malformations could be as high as 30 per 100000 individuals.Microphthalmia is reported to occur in 3.2%to 11.2%of blind children.Anophthalmia and microphthalmia(A/M)are part of a phenotypic spectrum alongside ocular coloboma,hypothesized to share a com-mon genetic basis.Both A/M can occur in isolation or as part of a syndrome.Their complex etiology involves chromosomal aberrations,monogenic inheritance pattern,and the contribution of environmental factors such as gestational-acquired infections,maternal vitamin A deficiency(VAD),exposure to X-rays,solvent misuse,and thalidomide exposure.A/M exhibit significant clinical and genetic heterogeneity with over 90 genes identified so far.Familial cases of A/M have a complex genetic basis,including all Mendelian modes of inheritance,i.e.,autosomal dominant,recessive,and X-linked.Most cases arise sporadically due to de novo mutations.Examining gene expression during eye development and the effects of various environmental variables will help us better understand the phenotypic heterogeneity found in A/M,leading to more effective diagnosis and management strategies.The present review focuses on key genetic factors,developmental abnormalities,and environmental modifiers linked with A/M.It also emphasizes at potential research areas including multiomic methods and disease modeling with induced pluripotent stem cell technologies,which aim to create innovative treatment options.

关 键 词：ANOPHTHALMIA MICROPHTHALMIA Eye development SRY-Box 2 Orthodenticle homeobox 2 

分 类 号：R73[医药卫生—肿瘤]