王朝、道统与运数——清人论清朝的历史地位  

Dynasty,Orthodoxy,and Mandate:Qing Scholars on the Historical Status of the Qing Dynasty

作　　者：高波[1] GAO Bo(Renmin University)

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学历史学院

出　　处：《中华民族共同体研究》2024年第6期82-99,M0006,共19页Journal of the Chinese Nation Studies

摘　　要：本文以清朝人的本位视角,探讨他们对清朝历史地位的看法。这一问题与清朝在王朝序列中的位置以及其国祚长短与兴衰轨辙密切相关,并需参考相应的道统与运数因素。清朝的建立过程、统治集团构成与政治文化,都与元朝密切相关,因此“以元拟清”在清初朝野颇为流行,这使清朝难以摆脱元朝追随者与第二夷狄王朝的尴尬位置。为超越元朝对清朝历史地位的限定,康雍乾时期君臣借助理学道统论与运数论,主张清帝承理学道统,为继朱熹后五百年之运者,清朝则为秦汉以降第一王朝与两千年郡县制的集大成者。嘉道以降,随着清朝由盛转衰,清人对清朝的历史定位不降反升,主张清朝已超越三代,成为中国自古以来的最佳王朝。这表明影响本朝人的王朝历史地位观念的因素,除了王朝本身的长期延续,还有在王朝衰落期寻求“中兴”的历史意识。This article explores Qing scholars'views on the historical status of the Qing dynasty from their own standpoint.This issue is closely tied to the Qing dynasty's position in the dynastic sequence and the factors of its longevity and rise-and-fall trajectory,which must be analyzed in relation to concepts of orthodoxy and the mandate of fate.The Qing dynasty's establishment,the composition of its ruling elite,and its political culture were closely linked to the Yuan dynasty,making the notion of“modeling the Qing after the Yuan”quite popular in the early Qing period.This association placed the Qing in the awkward position of being perceived as a follower of the Yuan and as a“second barbarian dynasty.”To transcend the limitations imposed by comparisons to the Yuan,during the Kangxi,Yongzheng,and Qianlong reigns,emperors and officials employed Neo-Confucian theories of orthodoxy and the mandate of fate.They asserted that the Qing emperors inherited the Neo-Confucian orthodoxy and represented the continuation of the historical cycle five centuries after Zhu Xi,positioning the Qing as the foremost dynasty since Qin and Han,and the culmination of the two-thousand-year system of prefectures and counties.From the Jiaqing and Daoguang periods onward,as the Qing transitioned from prosperity to decline,Qing scholars'evaluations of their dynasty's historical status paradoxically rose rather than fell.They argued that the Qing had surpassed the Three Dynasties(Xia,Shang,Zhou)and had become the best dynasty in Chinese history.This indicates that the factors shaping the Qing people's view of their dynasty's historical status included not only the dynasty's long-term continuity but also a historical consciousness that sought“revival”during periods of decline.

关 键 词：清朝 道统 运数 夷狄 三代 

分 类 号：I20[文学—中国文学]