从“男人”“女人”的构词法看中国语言的词汇发展及民族关系  

Examining the Lexical Development of Chinese Language and Ethnic Relations through the Word Formation of“Man”and“Woman”

作　　者：罗自群[1] LUO Zi-qun(Minzu University of China)

机构地区：[1]中央民族大学中国少数民族语言文学学院

出　　处：《中华民族共同体研究》2024年第6期144-159,M0008,共17页Journal of the Chinese Nation Studies

基　　金：2019年度国家社会科学基金项目冷门绝学和国别史等研究专项立项《历史语言学视野下的怒苏语真实文本语料研究》(19VJX081)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：我国56个民族使用着汉藏、南亚、南岛、阿尔泰、印欧等五个语系的一百多种语言及其众多的方言,本文基于已收集到的122种语言的“男人”“女人”和“人”三个基本词汇,根据“男人”和“女人”是否有共同语素“人”,把中国境内的语言分为两类。通过从语系的高度整体考察“男人”“女人”构词法及其与“人”的各种关系,我们发现,“男人”“女人”的不同表现形式处在词汇的上位词、下位词从无到有的四个不同的发展阶段,只不过,不同的语系表现不同而已。就一种语言而言,处在不同发展阶段的表现形式也可以共存(比如汉语)。众所周知,语言关系既有同源关系,也有语言接触引发的借用关系,而语言关系在很大程度上也反映了民族关系。通过解读基本词汇“男人”“女人”的构词法及其与“人”三者之间的对应关系,千百年来,中华民族同根同源,交往、交流、交融,演变至今,可见一斑。In China,the 56 ethnic groups use more than 100 languages from five language families:Sino-Tibetan,South Asian,Austronesian,Altaic,and Indo-European,along with numerous dialects.Based upon 122 collected languages,this article examines the three basic vocabulary items“man,”“woman,”and“human.”It classifies the languages of China into two categories according to whether“man”and“woman”share the common morpheme“human.”By examining the word formation of“man”and“woman”and their relationships with“human”from the perspective of language families,we find that the different forms of“man”and“woman”are in four distinct developmental stages of lexical hierarchy—from non-existence to existence.The variations in expression depend on the language family.Furthermore,within a single language,different developmental stages of these forms can coexist(as in the case of Chinese).It is well-known that language relationships can be both etymologically related and influenced by language contact and borrowing.Language relationships largely reflect ethnic relationships.By interpreting the word formation of the basic terms“man,”“woman,”and their relationship with“human,”one can gain insight into the centuries-old evolution of the Chinese nation,which has evolved from shared roots,exchanges,communications,and integration.

关 键 词：男人 女人 人 构词法 中国语言 民族关系 

分 类 号：H31[语言文字—英语]