电荷、形式电荷及其相关的有机化学问题  

Charge,Formal Charge and Their Related Issues in Organic Chemistry

作　　者：苏瀛鹏[1] 贾晓东 赵小龙 SU Ying-Peng;JIA Xiao-Dong;ZHAO Xiao-Long(College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,Northwest Normal University,Lanzhou 730070,China;School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,Yangzhou University,Yangzhou 225002,China)

机构地区：[1]西北师范大学化学化工学院,甘肃兰州730070 [2]扬州大学化学化工学院,江苏扬州225002

出　　处：《化学教育(中英文)》2025年第6期102-110,共9页Chinese Journal of Chemical Education

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(21961034);2020年西北师范大学本科教学质量提高项目-基础有机化学教学团队(200500316);2021年西北师范大学“课程思政”示范项目-有机化学(202220050720)。

摘　　要：有机化学反应中常常伴有电子的转移,但是伴随着电子的转移所形成的电荷计算、电荷表示,以及原子产生的价态变化、相应的反应性质分析都给有机化学的初学者带来极大的困惑。因此,从电荷计算的方法、电荷产生的原因以及与电荷相关的一些话题着手,尝试解答有机微粒电荷产生原因,形式电荷的意义;亲电性、亲核性的本质及其与电荷关系;有机化合物的价态变化与氧化度;并简要解释电荷与成键能力的关系。从而希望为有机化学的学习者提供对有机化学反应更深层次的思考,提升学习者的知识能力与层次。Organic reactions are often accompanied by electron transfer,during which the calculation and representation of charges,as well as the valence state changes and the related reaction properties of atoms,cause great puzzle for beginners in organic chemistry.Therefore,in view of the methods of charge calculation,the causes of charge generation,and some other topics about charges,this paper aims to disclose the reasons for the charge generation of organic particles and the significance of formal charges;the essence of electrophilicity and nucleophilicity and their relationship with charges;the valence state changes and oxidation state of organic compounds;and briefly explain the relationship between charges and bonding capability.Thereby,we hope to provide learners with deeper thinking on organic chemical reactions,and enhance their knowledge and skills.

关 键 词：电荷 形式电荷 亲核性 轨道 价态计算 库仑力 

分 类 号：G642[文化科学—高等教育学] O62[文化科学—教育学]