机器视觉技术在航空装配中的应用现状与展望  

Machine Vision Technology in Aerospace Assembly:Current Status and Prospects

作　　者：茅健[1,2,3] 廖茂成 周海军 赖磊捷 MAO Jian;LIAO Maocheng;ZHOU Haijun;LAI Leijie(Shanghai University of Engineering Science,Shanghai 201620,China;Sichuan Research Institute,Shanghai Jiao Tong University,Chengdu 610213,China;Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Technology for Large Complex Thin-Walled Components of Aviation in Machinery Industry,Shanghai 201620,China)

机构地区：[1]上海工程技术大学,上海201620 [2]上海交通大学四川研究院,成都610213 [3]机械工业大型复杂构件智能制造技术重点实验室,上海201620

出　　处：《航空制造技术》2025年第5期26-46,共21页Aeronautical Manufacturing Technology

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(52475063)。

摘　　要：机器视觉技术凭借其非接触、高精度和自动化的特点,在航空装配中得到了广泛应用。本文从视觉测量、视觉引导和视觉检测3个方面综述了机器视觉技术在航空装配中的应用现状。视觉测量通过捕捉部件的图像信息实现位姿测量、外形尺寸检测及孔位精度控制,可以提高装配精度、减少装配错误。视觉引导通过图像分析准确判断装配机器人或其他设备的相对位姿,提高自动化程度。视觉检测用于识别装配过程中的错漏装、多余物以及装配损伤等问题,以确保最终产品的质量。在未来的航空装配领域中,视觉技术将结合其他传感器与人工智能技术构建数字化测量系统,进一步提升装配的效率和精度。Machine vision technology,characterized by its non-contact,high-precision,and automated features,has been widely applied in aerospace assembly.This paper reviews the current status of machine vision technology in aerospace assembly from the perspectives of visual measurement,visual guidance,and visual inspection.Visual measurement,through the acquisition of image information of components,realizes pose measurement,shape and size inspection,as well as hole position accuracy control,thereby enhancing assembly precision and reducing assembly errors.Visual guidance,through image analysis,accurately determines the relative pose of assembly robots or other equipment,thus improving the level of automation.Visual inspection is used to identify problems such as misfitting,overgrowth,and assembly damage during the assembly process to ensure the quality of the final product.In the future of aerospace assembly,machine vision technology will be integrated with other sensors and artificial intelligence techniques to build digital measurement systems,further enhancing the efficiency and precision of assembly.

关 键 词：机器视觉 航空装配 视觉测量 视觉引导 视觉检测 

分 类 号：TP3[自动化与计算机技术—计算机科学与技术]