天子四门三朝考  

A Study on the Emperor’s Four Gates and Three Courts

作　　者：王子林[1] Wang Zilin

机构地区：[1]故宫博物院研究室

出　　处：《故宫学刊》2024年第1期6-20,共15页Journal of Gugong Studies

摘　　要：本文通过对天子五门之说起源的史料梳理,发现《周礼》和《礼记》只有天子四门,而无五门的记载,并指出产生五门之说的原因所在。由此厘清天子三朝的空间界线、功能与四门的匹配,而库门与应门之间却是无朝的区域。又通过对应门是中门的论证,确认无朝区域存在的原因是因为左宗右社的庙门和社门及门燎所在区域,故而无朝。并结合青铜铭文进行实证。针对小盂鼎铭文中盂献俘仪程和王的三次格庙,厘清皋门、库门、应门、大廷、中廷和社门、庙门所在区域,与四门三朝是吻合的。This paper examines the origins of the concept of the‘Emperor’s Five Gates’through historical records and finds that only four gates,not five,are mentioned in the Rites of Zhou and Book of Rites.It clarifies the spatial boundaries and functions of the emperor’s three courts in relation to the four gates,noting that the area between the Kumen(KùMén in Chinese pinyin)and Yingmen(Yìng Mén in Chinese pinyin)is a noncourt region.Further analysis confirms the non-court region is due to the location of Miaomen(Miào Mén in Chinese pinyin)and Shemen(ShèMén in Chinese pinyin),as evidenced by bronze inscriptions.By examining the Xiaoyu Ding inscription regarding the presentation of capture ceremony and the emperor’s three visits to the temple,the paper delineates the areas of Gaomen(Gāo Mén in Chinese pinyin),Kumen,Yingmen,the Great Court,Middle Court,and the locations of Shemen and Miaomen,demonstrating their alignment with the four gates and three courts system.

关 键 词：五门三朝 雉门 应门 朝 廷 小盂鼎 

分 类 号：K892.9[历史地理—民俗学] K877[历史地理—历史学]