法院决定逮捕:规范内涵、实践检视与制度优化  

Courts’Power to Arrest:Normative Connotation,Practice Review and System Optimization

作　　者：吴琼 Wu Qiong

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学法学院

出　　处：《盛京法律评论》2024年第2期51-79,共29页Shengjing Law Review

摘　　要：我国《刑事诉讼法》采取逮捕权的“双主体”模式,法院仅在审判阶段有决定逮捕权,系审判阶段对审查逮捕的补充。自1979年《刑事诉讼法》确立法院逮捕权的总体框架后,立法者始终忽视对法院决定逮捕权的程序控制,致使通过司法解释充实法院的决定逮捕权具有高度封闭性与书面性,目的是保障审判与执行的顺利进行。实践中,法院决定逮捕的数量较少,但比重持续上升,多适用于轻微犯罪;在个案中出现异化现象,主要表现为忽视社会危险性审查,成为有罪判决的预演以及威慑被告人的工具。程序封闭、捕审合一、裁量空间不当等是异化的制度性原因。法院的政策实施导向还抑制了法院主动改革的意愿。法院决定逮捕规制重点是羁押候审决定逮捕,可以通过“实体限制—程序控制—外部救济”的路径实现技术性改良。不过,推进以审判为中心的诉讼制度改革,实现法院统一审查逮捕才是解决结构性问题的根本遵循。China's criminal procedural law,inspired by the Soviet model,employs a“dual subject”system for arrest powers,with courts having the authority to make arrest decisions only during the trial phase,serving as a supplementary review of arrests made earlier.Since the establishment of the framework for court arrest powers in the 1979 Criminal Procedure Law,legislators have consistently overlooked procedural controls on the court's power to decide arrests.The Supreme People's Court has enhanced the closed and written nature of court arrest decisions through judicial interpretations,primarily aimed at ensuring the smooth progress of trials and execution of judgments.In practice,the number of court-ordered arrests is relatively low but steadily increasing,often applied to minor offenses.An alarming phenomenon of dehumanization has emerged in individual cases,characterized by arrest decisions neglecting assessments of societal danger,serving as a prelude to guilty verdicts,and as a tool for intimidating defendants.Procedural closure,the amalgamation of arrest and trial,and inappropriate discretionary power are only institutional reasons for this dehumanization;the dual subject configuration of arrest powers and policy-oriented approach by courts are the underlying structural causes.The primary focus of regulating court arrest decisions should be on pretrial detention decisions,which can be technologically improved through the path of“substantive limitations-procedural controlexternal remedies.”However,the fundamental solution to structural issues lies in advancing a trial-centric reform of the litigation system,where courts uniformly review arrests.

关 键 词：法院决定逮捕 审前羁押 逮捕决定程序 人权保障 

分 类 号：D925.2[政治法律—诉讼法学] D926.2[政治法律—法学]