“不平等”与亚当·斯密道德哲学中的心智秩序  

“Inequality”and the Order of Mind in Adam Smith’s Moral Philosophy

作　　者：张江伟[1] 

机构地区：[1]浙江外国语学院

出　　处：《价值论与伦理学研究》2024年第1期139-158,260-261,共22页Axiology and Ethics

基　　金：国家社科基金后期资助项目“欲望、利益与商业社会”(18FSH009)的阶段性成果

摘　　要：亚当·斯密意识到尽管存在普遍丰裕以及法律和权利上的平等,社会经济意义上的不平等仍然是商业社会的固有特征。这一不平等的固有结构与寻求优越性的人性相结合,对个体的内心施加极大影响,酝酿着巨大的心理和道德危机。面对这一情形,亚当·斯密不是从制度,而是从构建心智秩序的角度予以应对。他的努力分为三重。首先,发展和调整其理论,将他人作为平等者的神圣地位建立在人心之上。其次,通过主体的自我调适和内心秩序的主动应对,削弱不平等的社会结构对相应个体在道德心理上的负面影响,并且在沟通不同群体的基础上,使得经过自我调适后的主体可以良好地承担不同层次的社会任务。最后,亚当·斯密提出了审慎之人这一典型人格类型,给出了商业社会所能普遍承诺的一种寻求优越性的方式。总体而言,亚当·斯密关于平等和不平等的问题意识塑造了其关于人的心智秩序的设想。Adam Smith realized that despite the existence of general abundance and equality in law and rights,inequality in the socio-economic sense remained an inherent feature of commercial society.This inherent structure of inequality,combined with human nature that seeks superiority,exerts a great infl uence on the heart of the individual,brewing a great psychological and moral crisis.Faced with this situation,Smith responded not in terms of institutions but in terms of constructing a mental order.His eff orts were threefold.First,developing and adapting his theory to ground the divine status of others as equals in the human heart.Second,to weaken the negative impact of the unequal social structure on the corresponding individuals in the moral psyche through the subject’s self-adjustment and the active response of the inner order.And on the basis of communicating with different groups,the self-adjusted subject can well undertake different levels of social tasks.Finally,Smith proposed the typical personality type of the prudent man,which gives a way of seeking superiority that can be universally promised by the business society.Overall,Smith’s problematic sense of equality and inequality shaped his vision of the order of the human mind.

关 键 词：优越性 不平等 亚当·斯密 道德哲学 心智秩序 

分 类 号：B82-0[哲学宗教—伦理学]