日语句末名词句、助动词句与汉语“是”字句的对比研究  

A Comparative Study on Noun Clauses at the End of Sentences and Auxiliary Clauses in Japanese,and“shi”Clauses in Chinese

作　　者：陈雄洪 

机构地区：[1]上海外国语大学日本文化经济学院,上海市200083

出　　处：《汉日语言对比研究论丛》2020年第1期206-220,共15页

基　　金：2019年度上海外国语大学第三届导师学术引领计划项目“关于汉日语主要语法特征异同的语言类型学考察”(项目负责人:盛文忠)资助完成

摘　　要：该文参照洪洁(2016)对「Nだ」的三种分类,以「予定」「性質」及「はずだ」「ことだ」为例,分别考察了句末名词句、助动词句汉译的句式的特征与“是”字句的关系,以及类型学上的句式特点。通过考察得知,结构为“S'_(日)—NP_(1)+助词+VP+句末名词+系词(だ)”的句末名词句在译成汉语后有两种句子结构,“S_(日)—NP_(1)+助词+VP/AP/NP+はず+系词(だ)”的助动词句在汉译后有四种句子结构,“S_(日)—NP_(1)+助词+VP/AP/NP+こと+系词(だ)”在汉译后有两种句子结构。此外,「はず」构成的助动词句在译成汉语时,其句式结构明显比「こと」复杂。因此,可以在一定程度上认为,形式名词在构成助动词句时,该形式名词在意义功能上越接近汉语的虚词,其译成汉语的句法结构越复杂。最后,通过句法树的比较得知,无论是句末名词句、助动词句,还是它们所译的汉语句子,都符合OV语言及VO语言的句型特征,即日语为左分支语言,汉语更倾向右分支。Based on the three classifications of“N-da”by Hong Jie(2016),the present study takes“yotei”“seisitu”“hazu-da”and“koto-da”as examples to examine the noun clauses at the end of sentences and auxiliary clauses.We compare them with the corresponding expressions in Chinese,explore the relation between these two types of clauses and“shi”clausse in Chinese and the sentence features from the perspective of typology.Through investigation,it is found that noun clauses with the structure of S'_(Japanese)—NP_(1)+AUX.+VP+noun at the end of the sentence+link verb(だ)has two types of sentence structures when they are translated into Chinese.However,those with the structure of“S_(Japanese)—NP_(1)+AUX.+VP/AP+こと+link verb(だ)”has four structures.In addition,the structure of auxiliary clauses constructed with“hazu”is more complicated than those constructed with“koto”when they are translated into Chinese.Therefore,it is believed,to some extent,that formal nouns are close to notional words in terms of the meanings and functions,thus clauses constructed with formal nouns become syntactically complicated when they are translated into Chinese.Finally,by comparison of syntax trees,it is found that whether Japanese noun clause at the end of sentences,Japanese auxiliary clauses or their corresponding Chinese clauses conform to syntactic features of OV language and VO language.In other words,Japanese is a left-branching language and Chinese is a right-branching language.

关 键 词：日语句末名词句 助动词句 汉语“是”字句 对比研究 

分 类 号：H36[语言文字—日语] H146.3