益己明哲:敦煌蒙书《武王家教》中的家教文化阐释与童蒙教育概论  

Improve Oneself and Understand Philosophy:Cultural Interpretation of Family Education and Outline of Children Education in the Dunhuang Primer Family Education of King Wu

作　　者：金滢坤 Jin Yingkun

机构地区：[1]北京师范大学教育学部教育历史与文化研究院 [2]北京师范大学国学经典教育研究中心,北京100088

出　　处：《教育史研究》2025年第1期124-135,共12页Educational History Studies

基　　金：国家社会科学基金2016年重大项目“中国童蒙文化史研究”(16ZDA121);京师书院2025年全球发展与治理跨学科研究专项项目“中国科举制度与国家治理研究”(YKY-2024-R0001)。

摘　　要：《武王家教》认为,世人的生命长短、贫贱富贵由世人“由家”“治家”的成败决定,而治家的成败是由其子弟是否戒除“十恶”“三衰”“三耗”“一错”至“十狂”等13个类目,即“七十一条”决定的。《武王家教》对子弟进行反复劝诫,堪称中国古代蒙书、家教中的“教条”典范,其内容涵盖了“勤俭”“志向”“自省”等12个教育子弟的主旨。其中,“欲成益己如之何”“欲教子孙如之何”两问,试图对“七十一条”进行“益己”之教和“明哲”之教的总结、提升和训诫。《武王家教》以家无“十恶”“三耗”“三衰”回答了士庶之家“贫富不等”的原因,实为对子弟进行“勤俭”教育;以子弟常犯“一错”至“十狂”等十类不良、不当行为解释了“人命长短不等”的原因,实为对子弟进行志向、教育、品行、应对、仪容、个人修养等方面的训戒。这些要求子弟戒除“七十一条”的“益己”之教和“明哲”之教,是为了实现家族“虑远防微”的效果,从而达到立身扬名、安身富贵的教子目的。Family Education of King Wu believes that the life span and wealth of one are determined by how he runs and manages family,which is determined by whether he can abstain from 13 categories,namely“ten evils”“three declines”“three wastes”“one mistake”and“ten madness”,which is“seventy-one articles”.It also admonishes people and is regarded as a model of“dogma”in ancient Chinese primers and family education,and its content covers 12 main principles of educating people,such as diligence,aspiration and self-reflection.Among them,the questions of how to improve oneself and how to teach children attempt to summarize,improve and admonish the“seventy-one articles”on the teaching of“improving oneself”and“understanding philosophy”.Family Education of King Wu points out that families are not equal in wealth because they don’t have“ten evils”“three wastes”and “three declines”,which is essentially thrift education.It also explains that people have different life span because they conduct ten kinds of bad and improper behaviors from“one mistake”to“ten madness”,which is essentially admonishing students in terms of aspiration,education,conduct,coping,appearance and personal cultivation.It requires them to give up the teaching of“improving oneself”and“understanding philosophy”in seventy-one articles,so as to plan ahead and achieve the goal of self-realization.

关 键 词：敦煌蒙书 《武王家教》 家教观念 唐代 

分 类 号：G529[文化科学—教育学]