选择是个难题:新高考“融通+选择”改革的历史观照、现实剖析与对策讨论  

Choice as a Dilemma:Historical Perspective,Current Analysis and Countermeasure Discussion on the'Integration+Choice'Reform in the College Entrance Examination

作　　者：边新灿 BIAN Xincan(High-Quality Education Development Research Institute,Zhejiang Normal University/Zhejiang Basic Education Research Center,Jinhua 321004)

机构地区：[1]浙江师范大学高质量教育发展研究院浙江省基础教育研究中心,金华321004

出　　处：《教育发展研究》2025年第5期28-37,共10页Research in Educational Development

摘　　要：恢复高考后,高考科目设置在文理分科的基本框架内,在上海“3+1”“、三南”“4×4”、全国“3+2”等方案的探索后,又从广东“3+X”起开启了“融通+选择”的漫漫改革路,后经江苏“3+1+1”和“3+2+5”、浙江自选模块“18选6”等实践,形成了一些基本经验,为2014年启动的新高考全面实施“融通+选择”改革提供了观照和借鉴。在选择困难和选择功利等因素的制约下,新高考从“3+3”到“3+1+2”,并通过“本科专业选考科目指引”(通用版)逐步强化了“必选”“限选”的要求,大部分侧理工专业都强调“物化捆绑”。政策调整对扭转“物化遇冷”产生了立竿见影的效果,但在多种因素的作用下,新高考面临两个新难题:一是部分地区部分中学固化选科组合,挤压学生选择空间;二是部分省份侧文侧理专业供需失衡、投档分数线悬殊。放眼长远,高校和学生真正意义上的双向选择应建立在招考分离、综合评价和高校对学生统考成绩“个性化使用”的基础上。立足当前,针对面临的新难题,一要多措并举,把“制度设计范围内,满足学生的选科要求”落到实处;二要从供需两端入手,解决供需失衡和投档录取分数线悬殊问题。Since the restoration of the college entrance examination(Gaokao),the subject selection framework has primarily revolved around the division of arts and sciences.Through explorations such as Shanghai's"3+1",the"Three South 4×4",and the national"3+2"models,the reform journey of"integration+choice"began with Guangdong's"3+X".Practices like Jiangsu's"3+1+1"and"3+2+5",as well as Zhejiang's optional module"18 choose 6",have accumulated valuable experience,providing a reference for the comprehensive implementation of the"integration+choice"reform in the new Gaokao system launched in 2014.However,under the constraints of choice difficulty and utilitarian motivations,the new Gaokao has evolved from"3+3"to"3+1+2",with the"Undergraduate Major Subject Selection Guidelines"(General Edition)gradually strengthening the requirements for"mandatory"and"restricted"selections,particularly bundling physics and chemistry for science and engineering majors.While policy adjustments have had an immediate effect in reversing the"cooling interest in physics and chemistry",the new Gaokao faces fresh challenges.In the long term,genuine mutual selection between universities and students should be based on the separation of admissions and examinations,as well as universities'"personalized use"of students'standardized test scores.In the short term,to address the first challenge,multiple measures should be taken to ensure that"within the scope of institutional design,students'subject selection requirements are met".For the second challenge,efforts should focus on both supply and demand to resolve the imbalance and the significant disparities in admission scores.

关 键 词：文理分科 文理融通 扩大选择 高考两难 

分 类 号：G632.474[文化科学—教育学]