近代以来西方世界对中华文明的认知  

The Western World's Cognition of Chinese Civilization since Modern Times

作　　者：李爱勇[1] 李小妮[1] Li Aiyong;Li Xiaoni(School of Marxism,Henan University,Kaifeng,475000,Henan,China)

机构地区：[1]河南大学,河南开封475000

出　　处：《民族学刊》2025年第2期77-86,148,共11页Journal of Ethnology

基　　金：国家社会科学基金教育学重大项目“高校培育和践行社会主义核心价值观长效机制研究”(VEA150005)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：西方世界大致以18世纪中叶为界,先后对中华文明有着两种截然不同的认知。这主要不在于中国是否富有、文明,而在于西方的内在需求。他们的推崇首先是震惊于中华文明的自然结果,其次是其进行宗教扩张的工具或副产品,最后则是其反对宗教神学、追求开明政治的他山之玉。后来,西方对中华文明的再认知首先是启蒙运动进入成熟阶段的自然结果,但也被认为有批判和否定中国的目的,进而被理解成其侵略、殖民和遏制中国的工具。70多年来,以美国为代表的西方依然对中国有很强烈的负面认知。即便中国克服一切困难实现了复兴,西方世界所认知的中国也不会很快变得美好,它只能发生在中西关系发生根本性变化之后。因此,中国虽然需要与西方世界争夺舆论等话语权,但不应该过多地被动应对这种认知,而应该继续坚定走自己正确的道路,用更加强大的力量影响这种认知的转向。Roughly by the mid-18th century,the Western world had developed two starkly different understandings of Chinese civilization,thus shaping two completely different images.Since the modern era,Western admiration of Chinese civilization has manifested in various forms.In the 13th century,figures like Marco Polo expressed admiration for Chinese material civilization.In the 16th century,Matteo Ricci and Mendoza admired the Chinese political system.In the first half of the 18th century,Leibniz and Voltaire showed admiration for Chinese spiritual civilization.However,shortly thereafter,representatives such as Montesquieu,Kant,and Hegel quickly turned to a complete negation of Chinese civilization.Over the hundreds of years from Marco Polo to Voltaire,a prosperous and politically enlightened philosophical kingdom was transformed into a“stagnant and authoritarian territory”that was seen as hostile to the“soil of freedom and movement”within just half a century.At the dawn of the Renaissance,shocked Westerners greatly satisfied the people's pursuit of beauty through the dissemination of Chinese civilization.After great geographical discoveries,Jesuits objectively introduced the situation in China and even described it with admiration,yet this was just a byproduct of their ultimate goal of missionary work in China.In the early days of the Enlightenment,thinkers accepted and emphasized that the image of China shaped by Jesuits was fundamentally driven by the need to criticize the reality of European society.It served as a precious tool in their opposition to religious theology and pursuit of enlightened politics.In the mid-18th century,the abrupt change in China's image was a natural result of the Enlightenment movement entering a mature stage.The root cause did not lie primarily in the changes within China or Europe themselves,but rather in the changes in the strategies of Enlightenment thinkers and an ultimate establishment of“rationality”.Fundamentally,it was a theoretical necessity for Europe,which had experie

关 键 词：西方世界 中华文明 文化认知 

分 类 号：C951[社会学—民族学]