儒学精神与华夏自治小共同体的重建  

The Spirit of Confucianism and the Reconstruction of the Small Autonomous Community inChina

作　　者：李竞恒[1] Li Jingheng

机构地区：[1]四川师范大学巴蜀文化与教育研究中心,成都610068

出　　处：《国际儒学(中英文)》2025年第1期35-44,182,共11页International Studies on Confucianism

摘　　要：战国秦汉以来的编户齐民制度,严重摧毁了基层社会的小共同体与自治能力。民众呈现为原子化的状态,且风俗鄙陋,缺乏自治与自组织的能力。汉儒重建社会,通过在民间传播和推广姓氏等方式,让平民有机会模仿古代贵族,去建立新的家族组织,以摆脱原子化的处境。新莽、魏晋以来的战乱中,这些新建的小共同体,以宗族、乡党、师门、宾客等各种方式凝聚起来,抵御战乱或免于徭役。在坞壁等共同体内部,往往通过推举而产生首领。这些称为“坞主”“行主”之类的小共同体首领,负责调解纠纷,救死扶伤、军事防御与各种内部治理,需要较高的德性、口碑与治理能力。汉晋以来的自治小共同体,具有社会凝结核的重要作用,在永嘉以来的苦难岁月中,扮演着守护和传承华夏文明火种的重要角色。Since the Warring States,Qin and Han Dynasties,the System of Household Register has seriously destroyed the small community and autonomous capacity of grass-roots societies.The people are atomized,have ugly customs,and lack the ability to self-govern and self-organize.Han Confucianism rebuilt society,through the spread and promotion of surnames among the people,so that commoners had the opportunity to emulate the ancient aristocracy and establish new family organizations to get rid of atomized situation.During the wars since the Wang Mang,Wei and Jin dynasties,these newly built small communities were united in various ways,such as clans,fellow villagers,master's homegate,and guests,to defend themselves against the wars or to be exempted from corvee service.Within a community such as a Wu Bi(坞壁),a leader is often elected.These small community leaders are responsible for mediating disputes,saving lives,military defence and all kinds of internal governance,and require a high level of virtue,reputation and governance ability.Since the Han and Jin dynasties,the small autonomous community has played an important role in social cohesion and has played a significant role in guarding and passing on the flame of Chinese civilization in the suffering years since the Migration Southwards of Yongjia Years.

关 键 词：小共同体 自治 重建 凝结核 文明火种 

分 类 号：B222[哲学宗教—中国哲学] K234[历史地理—历史学]