农政问题:被忽视的学术概念及其传统  

Agrarian Question: An Overlooked Academic Concept and Its Tradition

作　　者：叶敬忠[1] Ye Jingzhong

机构地区：[1]中国农业大学人文与发展学院

出　　处：《社会发展研究》2025年第1期1-21,M0003,共22页Journal of Social Development

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“从脱贫攻坚到乡村振兴的有效衔接与转型研究”(项目编号:20&ZD163,主持人:叶敬忠)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：农政问题(Agrarian Question)成形于1899年经典马克思主义理论家卡尔·考茨基以此为书名出版的著作。围绕这一概念开展的知识考古和学术研究发现,这个原本有着确切含义的学术概念,却在中文学术界被译作“土地问题”“农业问题”“农民问题”或“农村问题”,并未能被充分理解和广泛使用。笔者自2011年将Agrarian Question译为“农政问题”。“农政”是指关于在农地、农业、农民和农村这四个方面涉及生产与再生产、物质资料与政治权力等的社会关系或阶级关系。“农政问题”这一概念在德语、俄语和英语中有着相互对应的、确定的、无歧义的固定术语表达,且这三种语言的对应术语在近200年的时间里使用频率具有基本一致的变化趋势。社会科学研究需要理论脉络和知识传统,学术表达需要遵循规范的逻辑和理路。中文学术界可以在“‘三农’问题”概念的基础上,重拾“农政问题”的概念和传统。In 2007,I first encountered the term “agrarian question” in English and gradually realized that it is an internationally recognized academic concept,originating from the 1899 work by the classic Marxist theorist,Karl Kautsky. Scholarly research on the agrarian question has revealed that,although the term originally had a precise meaning,it is sometimes translated as “land issue,”“agriculture issue,”“peasant issue,”or “rural issue” in Chinese academic discourse,leading to misinterpretation and limited usage. Since 2011,I have translated “agrarian question” as “Nongzheng Wenti” in Chinese as a theoretical and academic concept. “Nongzheng” refers to the social or class relations involved in production and reproduction,material resources,and political power in the domains of farmland,agriculture,peasants,and rural areas. The concept of the “agrarian question” has unambiguous equivalents in German,Russian,and English,and the usage frequency of these terms in the three languages has followed a broadly consistent trend over nearly two centuries. Social science research requires a theoretical context and intellectual tradition. Therefore,academic expression must be guided by logic and reasoning,not preconceived positions. The Chinese academic community can revisit the concept and tradition of agrarian questions.

关 键 词：农政问题 知识考古 学术概念 马克思主义 “三农”问题 

分 类 号：F320[经济管理—产业经济]