电子发展简史  

A Brief History of Electronic Development

作　　者：石锋 刘金华[1] 张灵翠[1] 徐越 娄有信[1] 沈燕[1] 赵金博[1] SHI Feng;LIU Jin-hua;ZHANG Ling-cui;XU Yue;LOU You-xin;SHEN Yan;ZHAO Jin-bo(School of Material Science and Engineering,Qilu University of Technology(Shandong Academy of Sciences),Jinan 250353,China)

机构地区：[1]齐鲁工业大学(山东省科学院)材料科学与工程学部,济南250353

出　　处：《物理学进展》2025年第2期79-104,共26页Progress In Physics

摘　　要：电子是组成原子的不可分割的一部分。古人认为原子不可再分,直到19世纪末,汤姆逊才发现了电子的存在,证明原子是可再分割的。电子的波动性、电子自旋以及正电子的发现经历了一段复杂而曲折的历史,这些重大的科学突破最终促成了多项诺贝尔物理学奖的颁发。电子的发现,对量子力学的诞生起到了重要的促进作用。正是在探索原子结构模型的过程中,科学家们逐步发展出了量子力学和量子场论。电子的发现极大地推动了人们对材料的认识,催生了一系列重要理论,例如洛伦兹自由电子论、索末菲模型以及能带理论。特别是能带理论,它不仅阐释了金属、半导体和绝缘体的电子性质差异,还为现代电子技术的发展奠定了基础,引领人类步入了信息时代。Electron is an inseparable part of atom.The ancients believed that atoms could not be divied,and it was not until the late 19th century that Thomson discovered the existence of electron,which proved that atom is redividable.After that,the complex and challenging journey to uncover the volatility of electrons,electron spin,and positrons led to groundbreaking discoveries,which resulted in numerous of Nobel Prizes were awarded in Physics.The discovery of electron played an important role in promoting the birth of quantum mechani.It was through the meticulous examination of atomic structure models that the scientists progressively ventured into the realms of quantum mechanics and quantum field theory.Similarly,electrons have played a positive role in promoting our understanding of various materials,leading to the development of to many theories,such as Lorentz’s free electron theory,Sommerfeld model,and band theory.Especially band theory has led to a revolution in modern electronic technology,ushering humanity into the information age.

关 键 词：原子论 电子 波动性 电子自旋 正电子 

分 类 号：O47[理学—半导体物理]