论董仲舒的国家教化  

On Dong Zhongshu’s State Education

作　　者：余治平[1] YU Zhiping(Department of Philosophy,Shanghai Jiao tong University,Shanghai 200240,China)

机构地区：[1]上海交通大学哲学系,上海200240

出　　处：《六盘水师范学院学报》2025年第2期1-11,共11页Journal of Liupanshui Normal University

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“董仲舒传世文献考辨与历代注疏研究”(19ZDA027);国家社会科学基金重大项目“中国经典诠释学基本文献整理与基本问题研究”(21&ZD055)。

摘　　要：儒家语境中的国家教化通常借助于政治威权而施行,虽缺乏必要的宗教组织形式,却能够体现出超强的渗透力和旺盛的生命力。董仲舒强调天子应当把教化民众当作治理天下之根本。教化的理论前提是人性有待教化然后才能为善:无善质,王教找不到载体,礼乐之道无以附着;无王教,善质则不开发而成就不出真正的善。董仲舒建言武帝采取积极的风俗治理与民众教化政策,改造人性与改造社会两不误。教化是天子的教化,而不是儒家的教化,天子是董仲舒国家教化的法定主体。天子、君王布施德教,民众则自然改变不良习惯,社会风尚都跟着好转。实行以官化民、以官为师的治理路线而上行下效,官不正则民不正。董仲舒倡导的是一种德教,而不是刑教、法教:秦亡的根本原因是放弃了德教,没有继承先王国家教化的传统;五常是国家教化的精髓,也是汉代新儒家对先王之道的凝练。In the Confucianism context,state education is usually implemented through political authoritarianism.Although it lacks the necessary form of religious organization,it demonstrates strong infiltration and vigorous vitality.Dong Zhongshu emphasized that the emperor should regard educating the people as the fundamental basis for governing the country.The theoretical premise of education is that human nature needs to be educated before it can do good.Without good qualities,state education cannot find a carrier,and the way of ritual and music cannot be attached;without state education,good qualities cannot be developed and true goodness cannot be achieved.Dong Zhongshu suggested that Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty adopt active policies of regulating customs and educating the people,so as to transform both human nature and society.Instead of resorting to Confucianism,the education Dong Zhongshu proposed is the one with respect to the state.The emperor is the legal subject of Dong Zhongshu’s state education.The emperor and ruler spread moral education,and the people naturally changed their bad habits,leading to an improvement in social norms.Implementing the governance line of regarding officials aspedagogues of the people will lead to the effect that people follow the example of their superiors,and if the officials act badly,so will the civilians.Dong Zhongshu advocates a moral education,rather than a criminal law or legal enlightenment.The fundamental reason for the down-fall of Qin Dynasty was the abandonment of moral education and the failure to inherit the traditional education of the state.The Five Regulations is the essence of the state education.It is also the condensation,which was progressed by the Han Dynasty’s New Confucianism,of the former kings’way.

关 键 词：董仲舒 国家教化 人性论前提 官为民师 德教 

分 类 号：K503[历史地理—历史学]