绘形与写意:中医古籍脏腑图的特征与演变  

Form Depiction and Essence Expression:Characteristics and Evolution of Viscera Images in Ancient Traditional Chinese Medical Literature

作　　者：刘鹏 LIU Peng(School of Basic Medicine,Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine,Guangzhou 510006,China)

机构地区：[1]广州中医药大学基础医学院,广州510006

出　　处：《中医药文化》2025年第2期101-112,共12页Chinese Medical Culture

基　　金：广东省哲学社会科学规划“冷门绝学”研究专项(GD22LMZTS01)。

摘　　要：中医古籍脏腑图的绘制既有简单描绘脏腑形象的“绘形”,也有形态描绘之外的“写意”,即试图在绘形的基础上呈现脏腑的功能联系以及《黄帝内经》等中医“经典”对脏腑理论的文本描述。将“绘形”与“写意”作为解读中医古籍脏腑图特征的切入点,分析历代较有代表性的脏腑图,认为相比于粗疏的“绘形”,“写意”才是观察、解读中医古籍脏腑图信息的焦点。中医古籍脏腑图的演变,既有以明代肾间命门图为代表的中医传统知识内部的嬗变,也有西医解剖学传入中国后,特别是近代以来,中医对西医解剖图的引入。肾间命门图的绘制更加突出了脏腑图的“写意”特征,而近代中西医汇通医家在其著作中对西医解剖图的直接转绘则表明解剖“绘形”已经成为脏腑图的目标。“绘形”与“写意”之间的关系消长,正是中国社会文化与医学转型在中医学中的缩影。The illustration of viscera images in ancient traditional Chinese medical literature includes both the simple depiction of viscera figures,known as“form depiction”,and the expression of essence beyond physical shapes,referred to as“essence expression”,which attempts to present the functional relationships of the viscera based on form depiction,as well as the textual descriptions of viscera theory found in Chinese medical“classics”such as Huang Di Nei Jing(《黄帝内经》The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic).This paper takes“form depiction”and“essence expression”as the entry points for interpreting the characteristics of viscera images in ancient traditional Chinese medical literature.Through the analysis of representative viscera images in the past dynasties,it argues that,compared to the rudimentary“form depiction”,“essence expression”is the focal point for observing and interpreting the information conveyed in these illustrations.The evolution of viscera images in ancient traditional Chinese medical literature encompasses both internal transformations within traditional Chinese medical knowledge,exemplified by the Ming Dynasty’s Shen Jian Ming Men Tu(肾间命门图Diagram of the Life Gate between the Kidneys),and the integration of Western anatomical illustrations following the introduction of Western anatomy to China,particularly since the modern era.The illustration of Shen Jian Ming Men Tu further highlights the“essence expression”characteristic of viscera image,while the direct reproduction of Western anatomical illustrations by modern integrative Chinese-Western medical practitioners in their works indicates that anatomical“form depiction”has become a goal of viscera image.The shifting dynamics between“form depiction”and“essence expression”is the epitome of the Chinese social culture and the transformation of medicine in Traditional Chinese Medicine.

关 键 词：中医古籍 脏腑图 解剖 身体观 

分 类 号：R-092[医药卫生]