共犯自首的实践检视与问题思考——基于2136名共犯的研究  

Voluntary Surrendering in Joint Crime Cases:Empirical Analysis and Policy Consideration based upon the Research of 2136 Joint Crime Cases

作　　者：周振杰 Zhou Zhenjie

机构地区：[1]北京理工大学法学院

出　　处：《中国应用法学》2025年第2期131-151,共21页China Journal of Applied Jurisprudence

摘　　要：对2022年至2023年间认定共犯自首的1043份刑事裁判文书及其涉及的2136名犯罪人的统计分析表明,司法实践在共犯案件中对量刑情节以及缓刑的适用基本符合《关于处理自首和立功若干具体问题的意见》提出的“量刑平衡”的基本原则。共犯自首的案件具有普通自首与自然人自首为主,主犯的自首比例高于从犯,在犯罪事实或者犯罪嫌疑人被发觉之前自首积极性更高等明显特征。与非网络犯罪相比,在网络犯罪的场合,犯罪事实或者嫌疑人未被发现之前自首的比例较低,初犯的比例更高,具有从重情节的比例更低,主犯从轻情节比例较高,但自首的比例较低。为了更好地发挥自首的积极作用,应充分利用共犯之间的“囚徒困境”,通过在共犯之间营造信息不对称、增设量刑优惠递减规则等措施,提高从犯与网络主犯自首的积极性,并以新《公司法》第20条关于“企业社会责任”的规定为契机,修改单位刑事责任原则,从正反两方面促进单位与司法机关合作。Statistic analysis on 554 judgments in which voluntary surrendering in joint offense cases is recognized and 2436 joint offenders are convicted demonstrates that application of sentencing circumstances and probation in judicial practice meet the requirement of the basic principle of"equal sentencing"laid down by the Advices on Certain Specific Issues in Handling Voluntary Surrendering and Merits.In joint offense cases,several characteristics can be easily distinguished,such as the number of ordinary voluntary surrendering is higher than that of special one,the number of principal offenders who voluntarily surrendered is higher than that of secondary offenders,and principal offenders are more likely to turn to the police than secondary offenders before criminal facts or suspects are ascertained.Meanwhile,compared to non-cybercrime cases,the percentage of first offender is relatively high and that of first offender with aggravating circumstances relatively low,and the percentage of principals with mitigating circumstances is relatively high while that of principals who voluntarily surrendered is relatively low in cybercrime cases.Judging from above findings,this article suggests that measures be taken to break the‘prisoner’s dilemma’among joint offenders,encourage organizations and first offenders to voluntarily surrender to reduce judicial cost and realize the purpose of crime prevention from the perspective of criminal policy.

关 键 词：共同犯罪 实证研究 网络犯罪 单位自首 从犯自首 

分 类 号：D924.1[政治法律—刑法学]