涉罪精神病人责任能力认定标准的法律完善:以规范责任论为理论工具  

Improvement of Legal Standards for Criminal Responsibility Capacity of Mentally Ill Offenders:Using Normative Responsibility Theory as a Theoretical Tool

作　　者：蒋鹏飞[1] Jiang Pengfei

机构地区：[1]安徽财经大学法学院

出　　处：《青少年犯罪问题》2025年第2期41-56,共16页Issues on Juvenile Crimes and Delinquency

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目“刑事诉讼中专门性报告的运用机制与规则构建研究”(项目编号:23BFX175)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：对涉罪精神病人的责任能力进行认定是司法机关正确处理案件的前提。我国《刑法》第18条规定的法律标准过于简单与抽象。在实践中实际适用的认定标准为“支配性”标准,将责任能力等同于辨认能力与控制能力,严重医学化与技术化,且在事实上由司法精神病鉴定机构垄断行使评定权力。在该实际标准框定的结构内,司法机关认定责任能力应有的规范性、价值性与政策性无以有效体现。应当以规范责任论为理论工具,对涉罪精神病人责任能力认定的标准进行法律完善。应当区分广义、狭义的责任能力。广义的责任能力,具有以辨控能力为基础,以狭义的责任能力为拓展的双层结构。应将现有的“支配性”标准载入法律,同时在其之外确立“可恕性”标准,依据前者进行辨控能力的事实认定,依据后者进行责任能力的价值权衡。责任能力认定的法律标准,应当凸显行为人对其行为悖逆社会的规范意义予以认知的重要性,使之成为最重要的,可“一票否决”的评价要素。此外,该法律标准应当体现出实质性审查的要求。Determining the capacity for criminal responsibility of mentally ill offenders is a prerequisite for the judiciary to handle cases correctly.The legal standard provided by Article 18 of China′s Criminal Law is too vague and simplistic.In practice,the actual standard applied is the"domination"standard,which equates the capacity for criminal responsibility to the ability to recognize and control one′s behavior.This standard is heavily medicalized and technical,with the evaluation power monopolized by forensic psychiatric appraisal institutions.Within the structure framed by this practical standard,the normative,value-based,and policy aspects that the judiciary should consider in determining responsibility capacity cannot be effectively reflected.We should use normative responsibility theory as a theoretical tool to improve the legal standard for determining the capacity for criminal responsibility of mentally ill offenders.A distinction should be made between broad and narrow definitions of responsibility capacity.The broad definition of responsibility capacity has a two-layer structure:it is based on the ability to recognize and control one′s behavior,with the narrow definition of responsibility capacity serving as an extension that incorporates value-based assessments.The existing"domination"standard should be incorporated into the law,while a separate"excusability"standard should be established.The"domination"standard should be used for the factual determination of recognition and control abilities,while the"excusability"standard should be applied for the value-based assessment of responsibility capacity.The legal standard for determining responsibility capacity should emphasize the importance of the offender recognizing the normative significance of their behavior being contrary to social norms,making this the most crucial factor that can independently negate their criminal responsibility.Additionally,this legal standard should reflect the requirement for substantial review.

关 键 词：精神病人 刑事责任能力 规范责任论 责任 

分 类 号：D924.1[政治法律—刑法学]